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考研英语小作文过关百分百（4）

2011-11-08 10:33阅读：

http://blog.sina.cn/dpool/blog/u/2438988293

便笺(便条)和短信--分类举例--道歉
　　（Apology）
　　人非圣贤，孰能无过。在社会交往中，人们常常会出现一些疏忽、过失等。如果发生此类事情，就会给对方带来麻烦和不便。为了避免误解，不影响感情，在这种情况下，应写信给对方予以解释，以请求谅解。
　　此类信要写得及时，态度要诚恳，用词需谦逊。一般在信一开始就向对方表示歉意或内疚，然后说明原因并提出补救的办法。
新东方在线，名师在线辅导，助你考研成功！
　例1
　　Directions: You have missed a date of your friend, now you have to write a letter for appologization in about 100 words.
　　May
20th
　　Dear Lily,
　　I am sorry I missed seeing you yesterday. I know that you must have been disappointed. I also feel worried and anxious in my heart. The fact is that my manager at the last moment asked me to prepare a urgent plan while I could not get to a phone to call you and yesterday I have worked late until about 8:30 p. m. I am terribly sorry.
　　However, I would like to ask you out this weekend to make up for yesterday. Please give me a chance and I am waiting for your reply.
　　鬃譢~
　　* 临时有事未能赴约，一定要把事情解释清楚并真诚的道歉，最好能有弥补（to make up），就像这封信里所说的那样，邀请对方周末再碰头（I would like to ask you out this weekend）注意英文句子you must have been disappointed中情态动词的用法：情态动词+完成时态，表示过去行为。这句话应该理解为“你当时一定感到很失望”。
　　例2
　　Directions: You have received a invitation from your friend, but you have already had some guests in your house. Please express the reason you can’t go clearly in about 100 words.
　　6.April
　　Dear Lucy,
　　I do appologize for having to send this letter about Saturday night.
　　When I accepted your invitation, I simply forgot that Saturday was a holiday and that my own guests were not leaving until Sunday morning. It is difficult for me to make a choice. Though I also wonder to meet you very much. I could not very well go out by myself and leave the guests at my home.
　　I hope you know how sorry I am not to be with you this Saturday. Should I make a visit to you in my other spare time?
　　Thank you very much.
　　鬃譢~
　　* 自己家里有客人，自然不方便再接受别人邀请去做客所以可以明正言顺的表示拒绝或可另约时间。英文要强调谓语动词，可以加上助动词，例如：
　　I do apologize for being late.
　　He did come yesterday.
　　例3
　　Directions: You are already have a date with your friend but suddenly have another thing to do and you have to tell your friend that you can’t go. Express your reason clearly in about 100 words.
　　Monday 9:00 a.m
　　Dear Jane,
　　I am sorry to tell you that I won’t be able to come this afternoon because I have to go to the airport at 2:00 p. m. to meet an overseas visitor from Australia. I really have kept our datd in my mind all these days, however, I received my boss’ e-mail this morning, he asked me to go to the airport to meet one of his friends from abroad, it’s suddenly and urgent and I must go. Please forgive me. Would you please ring me up to make another time?
　　Many thanks.
　　* 因有事而不能赴约，只能另约时间（to make或to fix another time）。写信人Bluce很可能是英国人，因为他把“打电话”说成to ring somebody up，美国人通常说to call somebody。英国人打电话还可以说 to give somebody a ring，不要错以为别人要送你个戒指。与别人已经定好的约会却临时不能赴约时，应说明原因并诚恳地道歉，以期获得别人的谅解。
便笺(便条)和短信--分类举例--借物
　　(Borrowing)
　　例
　　Directions:You are going to write a note for borrowing sth. please deseribe these information clearly.
　　1) the thing you ask
　　2) detailed what you are going to do with it.
　　3) how long will you take it.
　　Tuesday
　　Dear Xiao Wang:
　　I wonder if I could borrow your electronic dictionary for a few days. Now I am translating some important articles. There are many new words which I have to look up the dictionary usually. I just have a paper dictionary but of course it’s not as convenient as the electronic one, which has a bad effect upon my velocity of my translating. So I think your electonic dictionary is more suitable for me to complete my work. I promise that I must be very careful of your dictionary and make no damage done on it. Thank you very much!
　　Yours ever
　　鬃譢~
　　*字典是我们日常生活中常用的学习工具，但是千万不能直接从字面上认为“查字典”就是“check the dictionary”，而应该用“look up”这个固定短语来表达。
　　“影响……”有一个很地道的短语。“have effect upon/on”,后面接受影响的人或物，如果是积极影响就在have和effect之间加a good ，反之，就加“a bad”其他的形容词例如great， remarkable也可以用来修饰effect，此词在这里是名词。
便笺(便条)和短信--分类举例--回复友人问侯
　　(Reply for Regards)
　　例
　　Directions:You have just had a operation, and received a note of regards from your friend Jenny. Now please write a reply to her to tell her your current situation.
　　You should write about 100 words.
　　Jan.8th.
　　Dear Jenny,
　　Thanks for your letter of sympthy I received the day before yesterday. The operation on my leg was a wonderful success. You know I had been suffering a lot from my leg since my childhood. The operation removed the cause of trouble. It is quite worth having the operation. I am daily recovering from my illness. I’m confident I will soon be in the office again after proper treatment. Thank you for kind wishes.
　　My best wishes to all your family
　　鬃譢~
　　*这是对好友问侯便条的回复。形式简单，内容明了。过去完成进行时“I had been suffering…my childhood”表示动作从过去一直持续到现在。
备忘录--概述
　　备忘录是一种录以备忘的公文。在公文函件中，它的等级是比较低的，主要用来提醒、督促对方，或就某个问题提出自己的意见或看法。在业务上，它一般用来补充正式文件的不足。它的内容可以分为以下几项：
书端（Heading）;
　　收文人的姓名、头衔、地址（Addressee’s Name, Title, Address）；
　　称呼(Salutation)；
　　事因(Subject)；
　　正文（Body） ；
　　结束语（Complimentary Close）；
　　署名（Signature）。
备忘录--注意事项
　　书端部分包括发文机关的名称、地址、发文日期，有的还包括电报挂号、电传号、电话号码等。许多机关有自己特制的信笺，在写书端时，其格式和标点符号的使用与一般信件的相同。收文人（或收文单位）的姓名、头衔、地址一项写在左上角编号处的下面，其格式与书信的写法相同。
　　称呼从左边顶格写起，对一般机关、团体的负责人一般用 Dear Sir， 对政府官员可用 Sir。
　　“事因”一项目前采用得较少。它可放在称呼语之前，也可放在其后，前面可加 Re或Docket, Subject。如果此项写在称呼语之前，多从左边的顶格写起；若放在称呼语之后，一般写在信笺正中。它多采用不完整的句子，只需很少几个词，甚至一个词，目的在于使收文人对文中的主要内容一目了然，便于及时处理。
　　正文、结束语和署名等项与一般信件的格式相同。


新东方在线，名师在线辅导，助你考研成功！
备忘录--举例
　　例1
　　Directions: Write a memorandum of about 100 words to the student service department and ask them to fix a telephone for each dormitory.
　　MEMO
　　August 16,2004
　　To:The leader of student service department
　　From: Li Ming
　　Subject:Telephone
　　Dear Sir,
　　I would like to remind you that we are in want of a telephone for each dormitory. As a university student, we need to cope with the daily increasing communications with teachers, friends and people outside the campus.
　　We need a telephone to get and send message, which is important for us. Though most of us have mobile phones and e-mail address, a telephone in the dormitory is after all the most convenient and cheapest tool of communication. I hope that you will pay attention to this problem and solve it as soon as possible.
　　Regards.
　　Yours，
　　Li Ming
　　*“remind”一词用法比较多，可以在后面直接接人或宾格，如“提醒我”译为please remind me.如果提醒某人某事则用remind somebody of something ，也可以在后面加从句，即“remind sb that”,remind还有一个意思为“使想起”同样用remind…of…的结构，应注意与提醒某事区分。
　　例2
　　Directions:You are supposed to write a Memorandom of about 100 words to the leader of the supply section to borrow one more microscope for your biological experiment. It should include:
　　1) Why you need the microscope.
　　2) When you need it.
　　MEMO
　　August 12,2004
　　To: Mr. Gates, leader of the supply section
　　From:Li Ming of the biological laboratory
　　Subject:Microscope
　　Dear Sir,
　　I’m a student of biology department and we are badly in need of an extra microscope in order to improve our experimental work.
　　Our experiment will start on Friday, so please issue a microscope to us as soon as possible so that we can prepare better for the experiment.
　　With kind regards.
　　Yours sincerely,
　　Li Ming
　　*这是一封备忘录，在写备忘录的时侯，一定要注意它的格式，尤其要在开头写清楚是谁写给谁来备忘的，用From: To：两个单词即可。文中的“badly”是“非常的，迫切的”意思。短语“in order to”同下句的“so that”意思是一样的即：为了，目的是。不同的是前者后接动词原型而后者常跟目的状语从句 ，类似的短语还有“in order that”,用法与“so that”相同。
　　例3
　　Directions: If you are the teacher of the students’ Counseloris office: P: steelpes, and you have received a letter for requesting for paid education leave from a student. Write him a memo to reply him including details:
　　1) The result of his requirement.
　　2) The reason for rejecting.
　　3)some suggestions
　　You should write about 100 words.
　　To: Records Section
　　From: P/ Steelpes, Career Planning
　　Subject: Request for Paid Education Leave
　　Date: May 22, 2004
　　In response to your request for one year of paid education leave to take a degree in English literature, I have to inform you that we cannot authorize this leave.
　　While we appreciate your desire to improve your knowledge, we feel that English literature is not directly related to your present position and to the goals of this organization.
　　I am aware of your great interest in literature, and I would like to point out that you could gain advantage to apply for leave without pay.
　　If you need another information on the above, do not hesitate to keep touch with me at any time.
　　P. Steels
　　* 首先要注意本篇备忘录的格式很标准。然后注意这个备忘录的个别词的用法，譬如：be aware of 注意到、当心的意思，point out 指出,request for 要求，in response to 反馈。
　　例4
　　Directions: You are a supervisor of a big company. The chief of operations wants to adopt the“punch-in”system to increase productivity. Write a memo to talk about this:
　　1) Does the “punch-in”system benefit the company?
　　2) If the company doesn’t adopt it, what else can we do to increase productivity.
　　You should write about 100 words.
　　To. David Green, Chief of Operations
　　From: Tony. Party , Supervisor
　　Subject: Comments on the “Punch-in” System
　　Date: March. 22, 2004
　　This is further to your memo dated March. 20, 2004, in which you proposed that employees adopt the “punch-in” system.
　　I fully agree with you that we must increase productivity. As far as your proposal that if the “punch-in” system is adopted, we would have a tighter control over the employees is concerned. However, I don’t think so. I personally think that, to accomplish this, we should give the employees more incentives to work faster. I feel that if we ( the supervisors) could meet with you , we could discuss different possiblilities to create such incentiveness.
　　Your consideration of this suggestion would be appreciated.
　　Tony Party
　　* 此篇是对一篇备忘录的回复。生产主管认为实行打孔考勤制度（“punch-in”system），有利于增加生产效率。但督察却不这样认为。他认为“should give the employees more incentives to work faster”。
　　例5
　　Directions: You are a manager of administration office naming Vera. M. Bradford. The board of directors have decided to anew the Fitness Center. Write a memo to tell all the employees that:
　　1) How long will this project be last for?
　　2) Welcome the employees to provide suggestions.
　　You should write about 100 words.
　　To: Every Employees
　　From: Brian Aponte
　　Date: November 18, 2004
　　Subject: Fitness Center
　　The board of directors approved the idea for anew Fitness Center at its meeting yesterday.
　　Work on the Fitness Center will begin right now and should be completed within 90 days. An employee representative from each division will be appointed to determine the type of equipment and programs that will be made available.
　　We are happy to be able to provide a facility that will contribute to the physical fitness of all our employees. Your representative on the task force will contact you soon for your suggestions about activities and equipment.
　　Brian Aponte
　　Administration Office, Manager
　　* 这是一篇关于公司修建健身中心的备忘录。备忘录中说健身中心工作马上开始而且“completed within 90 days”。而且希望各部门代表与主办部门联系，征求关于活动和设备的意见。
相关链接
@@@备忘录--概述 备忘录是一种录以备忘的公文。在公文函件中，它的等级是比较低的，主要用来提醒、督促对方，或就某个问题提出自己的意见或看法。在业务上，它一般用来补充正式文件的不足。它的内容可以分为以下几项：书端（Heading）; 收文人的姓名、头衔、地址（Addressee’s Name, Title, Address）；称呼(Salutation)；事因(Subject)；正文（Body） ；结束语（Complimentary Close）；署名（Signature）。 @@@备忘录--注意事项 书端部分包括发文机关的名称、地址、发文日期，有的还包括电报挂号、电传号、电话号码等。许多机关有自己特制的信笺，在写书端时，其格式和标点符号的使用 与一般信件的相同。收文人（或收文单位）的姓名、头衔、地址一项写在左上角编号处的下面，其格式与书信的写法相同。称呼从左边顶格写起，对一般机关、团体 的负责人一般用 Dear Sir， 对政府官员可用 Sir。 “事因”一项目前采用得较少。它可放在称呼语之前，也可放在其后，前面可加 Re或Docket, Subject。如果此项写在称呼语之前，多从左边的顶格写起；若放在称呼语之后，一般写在信笺正中。它多采用不完整的句子，只需很少几个词，甚至一个 词，目的在于使收文人对文中的主要内容一目了然，便于及时处理。正文、结束语和署名等项式同。 @@@备忘录--举例 例1 Directions: Write a memorandum of about 100 words to the student service department and ask them to fix a telephone for each dormitory. MEMO August 16,2004 To:The leader of student service department From: Li Ming Subject:Telephone Dear Sir, I would like to remind you that we are in want of a telephone for each dormitory. As a university student, we need to cope with the daily increasing communications with teachers, friends and people outside the campus. We need a telephone to get and send message, which is important for us. Though most of us have mobile phones and e-mail address, a telephone in the dormitory is after all the most convenient and cheapest tool of communication. I hope that you will pay attention to this problem and solve it as soon as possible. Regards. Yours， Li Ming *“remind”一词用法比较多，可以在后面直接接人或宾格，如“提醒我”译为please remind me.如果提醒某人某事则用remind somebody of something ，也可以在后面加从句，即“remind sb that”,remind还有一个意思为“使想起”同样用remind…of…的结构，应注意与提醒某事区分。 例2 Directions:You are supposed to write a Memorandom of about 100 words to the leader of the supply section to borrow one more microscope for your biological experiment. It should include: 1) Why you need the microscope. 2) When you need it. MEMO August 12,2004 To: Mr. Gates, leader of the supply section From:Li Ming of the biological laboratory Subject:Microscope Dear Sir, I’m a student of biology department and we are badly in need of an extra microscope in order to improve our experimental work. Our experiment will start on Friday, so please issue a microscope to us as soon as possible so that we can prepare better for the experiment. With kind regards. Yours sincerely, Li Ming *这是一封备忘录，在写备忘录的时侯，一定要注意它的格式，尤其要在开头写清楚是谁写给谁来备忘的，用From: To：两个单词即可。文中的“badly”是“非常的，迫切的”意思。短语“in order to”同下句的“so that”意思是一样的即：为了，目的是。不同的是前者后接动词原型而后者常跟目的状语从句 ，类似的短语还有“in order that”,用法与“so that”相同。 例3 Directions: If you are the teacher of the students’ Counseloris office: P: steelpes, and you have received a letter for requesting for paid education leave from a student. Write him a memo to reply him including details: 1) The result of his requirement. 2) The reason for rejecting. 3)some suggestions You should write about 100 words. To: Records Section From: P/ Steelpes, Career Planning Subject: Request for Paid Education Leave Date: May 22, 2004 In response to your request for one year of paid education leave to take a degree in English literature, I have to inform you that we cannot authorize this leave. While we appreciate your desire to improve your knowledge, we feel that English literature is not directly related to your present position and to the goals of this organization. I am aware of your great interest in literature, and I would like to point out that you could gain advantage to apply for leave without pay. If you need another information on the above, do not hesitate to keep touch with me at any time. P. Steels * 首先要注意本篇备忘录的格式很标准。然后注意这个备忘录的个别词的用法，譬如：be aware of 注意到、当心的意思，point out 指出,request for 要求，in response to 反馈。 例4 Directions: You are a supervisor of a big company. The chief of operations wants to adopt the“punch-in”system to increase productivity. Write a memo to talk about this: 1) Does the “punch-in”system benefit the company? 2) If the company doesn’t adopt it, what else can we do to increase productivity. You should write about 100 words. To. David Green, Chief of Operations From: Tony. Party , Supervisor Subject: Comments on the “Punch-in” System Date: March. 22, 2004 This is further to your memo dated March. 20, 2004, in which you proposed that employees adopt the “punch-in” system. I fully agree with you that we must increase productivity. As far as your proposal that if the “punch-in” system is adopted, we would have a tighter control over the employees is concerned. However, I don’t think so. I personally think that, to accomplish this, we should give the employees more incentives to work faster. I feel that if we ( the supervisors) could meet with you , we could discuss different possiblilities to create such incentiveness. Your consideration of this suggestion would be appreciated. Tony Party * 此篇是对一篇备忘录的回复。生产主管认为实行打孔考勤制度（“punch-in”system），有利于增加生产效率。但督察却不这样认为。他认为“should give the employees more incentives to work faster”。 例5 Directions: You are a manager of administration office naming Vera. M. Bradford. The board of directors have decided to anew the Fitness Center. Write a memo to tell all the employees that: 1) How long will this project be last for? 2) Welcome the employees to provide suggestions. You should write about 100 words. To: Every Employees From: Brian Aponte Date: November 18, 2004 Subject: Fitness Center The board of directors approved the idea for anew Fitness Center at its meeting yesterday. Work on the Fitness Center will begin right now and should be completed within 90 days. An employee representative from each division will be appointed to determine the type of equipment and programs that will be made available. We are happy to be able to provide a facility that will contribute to the physical fitness of all our employees. Your representative on the task force will contact you soon for your suggestions about activities and equipment. Brian Aponte Administration Office, Manager * 这是一篇关于公司修建健身中心的备忘录。备忘录中说健身中心工作马上开始而且“completed within 90 days”。而且希望各部门代表与主办部门联系，征求关于活动和设备的意见。
摘要--概述
　　文章摘要是对所写文章主要内容的精炼概括。美国人称摘要为“Abstract”,而英国人则喜欢称其为“Summary”。
　　通常国际刊物要求所要刊登的文章字数，包括摘要部分不超过1万字。而对文章摘要部分的字数要求则更少。因此，写摘要时，应用最为简练的语言来表达论文之精华。论文摘要的重点应放在所研究的成果和结论上。
　　国际会议要求的论文摘要的字数不等，一般为200字-500字。而国际刊物要求所刊登的论文摘要的字数通常是100字-200字。摘要的位置一般放在一篇文章的最前面，内容上涵盖全文，并直接点明全旨。语言上要求尽量简炼。摘要通常多采用第三人称撰写。
　　科学书籍、论文和学术报告一般都附有内容摘要，这样可以节省读者的时间，使他们不必读完整个文章就能够了解它的主要内容。书籍摘要，一般放在封二或封 三；论文和学术报告的摘要，一般放在正文前面。摘要应做到简明扼要，切题，能独立成文，使读者能准确地了解书籍的要义。写摘要时，最好用第三人称的完整的 陈述句，文长一般不超过200个词。
　　摘要分陈述性的（Descriptive）和资料性的（Informational）两类。陈述性摘要只陈述书籍或文章的主题，不介绍内容。资料性的摘要除了介绍主题外，还应介绍文章的要点和各个要点的主要内容。
　　它可以包括三个组成部分
　　①点明主题，解析文章或书籍的目的或意图；
　　②介绍主要内容，使读者迅速了解文章或书籍的概貌；
　　③提出结论或建议，以供读者参考。
摘要--常见句型
　　常见的摘要句型有：
　　1）This paper deals with...
　　2）This article focuses on the topics of (that,having,etc)...
　　3）This eassy presents knowledge that...
　　4）This thesis discusses...
　　5）This thesis analyzes...
　　6）This paper provides an overview of...
　　7)This paper elaborates on ...
　　8）This article gives an overview of...
　　9）This article compares...and summarizes key findings.
　　10）This paper includes discussions concerning...
　　11)This paper presents uptodate information on...
　　12)This article covers the role of chemicals in...
　　13)This paper addresses important topics including...
　　14)This paper touches upon...
　　15)This paper strongly emphasizes...
　　16)This eassy represents the preceedings of ...
　　17)This article not only describes...but also suggests...
　　18)This paper considers...
　　19)This paper provides a method of ...
　　20)This paper introduces an applicable procedure to analyze...
　　21)This paper offers the latest information regarding...
　　22)This paper is devoted to examining the role of...
　　23)This article explores...
　　24)This paper expresses views on...
　　25)This paper reflects the state of the art in...
　　26)This paper explains the procedures for...
　　27)This paper develops the theory of ...
　　28)This article reviews the techniques used in...
　　29)This paper investigates the techniques and procedures to...
　　30)This article is about...
　　31)This eassy is related to ...
　　32)This paper concerns...
　　33)This paper gives an account of ...
　　34)This article tells of...
　　35)This paper tries to describe...
　　36)This paper provides an analysis of ...
　　37)This paper reports the latest information on ...
　　38)The author of this article reviews...
　　39)The writer of this paper discusses...
　　40)The writer of this eassy tries to explore...
　　41)The aim of this paper is to determine...
　　42)The purpose of this article is to review...
　　43)The objective of this paper is to explore...
　　破题用语，一般有：
　　①The author of this article reviews (or: discusses,describes,summarizes,examines)something……
　　②This article reviews (or:reports,tells of,is about,concerns)something…….
　　③This article has been prepared (or:designed,written)…….
　　④The purpose of this article is to determine something…….
　　⑤The problem of something is discussed …….
　　结论和建议，一般有以下几种写法：
　　①The author suggests (recommends,concludes)that…….
　　②This article shows that…….
　　③It is suggested that…….
　　④The author’s suggestion (or:conclusion )is that ……
　　⑤The author finds it necessary to …….
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