lesson 3 专题语法-------定语从句
2012-07-06 21:26阅读：
在复合句中修饰____词或____词的从句称为定语从句，被定语从句修饰的名词或代词成为_______词。定语从句一般位于先行词之______。引导定语从句的有关系______或关系______，关系代词有：______,
______, who(whom), ______和as；关系副词有：_____, _____,
why。关系代词或关系副词起着两种作：一方面引导定语从句起着类似____词的作用，另一方面在从句中充当一定的语法成分。关系代词在定语从句中作____语、____语或定语；关系副词在定语从句中作____语。
▲关系代词which用来指物，在从句中可作主语或宾语。
1.This is a book which tells about space rocket
technology.
这是一本关于宇宙火箭技术的书。（作主语）
2.A plane is a machine which can fly.
飞机是一种能够飞行的机器。（作主语）
3.The letter which I received yesterday was from my
brother.
昨天我收到的信是我哥哥寄来的。（作宾语）
4.The book which they sent me is very good.
他们寄给我的书非常好。（作宾语）
5.He lives in the house which is opposite ours.
他住在我们对面的那栋房子里。（作主语）
6.The dog was lost has been found.
丢失的那条狗找到了。（作主语）
7.This is the pan which I boiled milk in.
这是我煮牛奶的锅。（作介词的宾语）
8.The hotel which I stayed in last month is over
there.
上月我住的那家旅馆就在那。（作介词的宾语）
注：在上述例句中，例句1\2\5\6中的关系代词which作主语，例句3\4\7\8中的which作宾语，
其中例句7\8中which作介词的宾语。当关系代词作宾语时可省略，如例句3\4可以分别写成：
The letter I received yesterday was from my
brother.
The book they sent me is very good.
而例句7\8中的关系代词也可省略，分别写成：
This is the pan I boiled milk in.
The hotel I stayed in last month is over there.
也可以将介词放在关系代词之前，可写成：
This is the pan in which I boiled milk .
The hotel in which I stayed last month is over
there
注：但如果定语从句中的谓语动词是：动词+介词的固定搭配，则不能把介词与动词拆开放到关系代词之前。如：
1.This is the maganize which you are looking
for.
这就是你要找的那本杂志。
我们不能说：This is the maganize for which you are
looking.
但可以把which省去：This is the maganize you are looking
for.
2.The dog which Aunt Li takes care of is
lost.
李阿姨照看的那条狗丢失了。
我们也不能说：The dog of which Aunt Li takes care is
lost.
但可以把which省去：The dog Aunt Li takes care of is
lost.
▲关系代词that既可指物，也可指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。
1.She is the girl that you saw in school.
她就是你在学校见到的那个女孩。（作宾语）
2.They live in a house that was built 200 years
ago.
他们住在一座两百年前盖的房子里。（作主语）
3.Here is the car that I told you about.
这就是我跟你谈到的那辆车。（作介词的宾语）
4.Who is the man that shook hands with you just
now?
刚才跟你握手的那个人是谁？（作主语）
注：that在句中作宾语时可省略，需要注意的是that作介词的宾语时，介词不能放到that之前，若要将介词提前，必须将that改成which或whom。
1.Here is the car about which I told you
.
2.Is he the man with whom you shook hands just
now?
他就是那个你刚才与之握手的人吗？
▲特殊情况：下列情况中关系代词只能用that：
▲序数词（包括the last）或形容词最高级修饰先行词时。
1.Alice is the most diligent student that I
have ever known.
爱丽思是我所认识的最勤奋的学生。
2.The first English novel that I read was A
Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens.
我读的第一本英文小说是狄更斯的«双城记»。
3.This is the last bus that we can
take.
这是我们所能乘的最后一班公共汽车了。
▲先行词被the only, the very所修饰时。
1.That's the very point that we should pay
attention to.
那是我们应该注意的要点。
2.She is the only person that the old woman can
depend on.
她是这位老太太唯一能够依靠的人。
3.That white flower is the only one that I
really like.
只有那株白花是我真正喜欢的。
▲先行词是不定代词时（any, all, little, everything, nothing, something,
anything, nobody, everybody等）。
1.Is there anything that I van do for
you?
我能帮你做点什么吗？
2.There was little that he needed.
他几乎不需要什么。
3.Everything that we saw at the exhibition
interested us.
在展览会上看到的每一样东西都令我们感兴趣。
4.Mr Brown has told us something that we should
do in the summer vacation.
布郎先生已把暑假里我们应该做的事告诉了我们。
5.All that(What) we have to do is to supply
them with enough food.
我们要做的事情就是为他们提供足够的食物。
▲先行词中既有人又有物时。
1.Then we talked about the things and persons
that we remembered at school.
然后我们谈起了所记得的上学时候的人和事。
2.The speaker mentioned some writers and books
that were unknown to us.
演讲人提到一些我们不知道的作家和书。
3.Look at the boy and the dog that are crossing
the street.
瞧正在过马路的那个男孩和那只狗。
▲关系代词who, whom指代人，在句中作主语或宾语。
1.Here comes the girl who wants to see
you.
想见你的那个女孩来了。（who作主语）
2.Jim began to talk to a girl who sat next to
him.
吉姆开始和坐在他身旁的女孩讲话。（who作主语）
3.I wanted to find someone with whom I could discuss
music.
我想找一个能和我谈音乐的人。（whom作宾语)
☺注：在口语中whom可用who代替，也可以省略，但如果介词放在whom之前时，who不能代替whom，也不能省略。
1.This is the man I gave it to.
我就是拿给这个人的。
2.The man you were talking to is Tom's father.
刚才和你谈话的是汤姆的父亲。
3.This is the man to whom I wrote.
我写信就是写给这个人的。
4.The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin.
和我谈话的那女孩是我表妹。
▲whose表示“某人的”或“某物的”，是所有格作定语，后面必须带名词，且不能省略。
1.I'd like a room whose window looks out onto the
sea.
我想要一间窗户面向大海的房间。
2.Please pass me the dictionary whose cover is
black.
请把那本黑色封面的词典递给我。
3.The doctor whose name was Johnson lived in a small
town in the north of England.
那位名叫约翰逊的医生住在英国北部的一个小镇上。
注：whose表示所属关系，可以用of which替代。
1.I live in the house whose windows face
south.
我住在窗子朝南的那栋房子里。
例句可以这样表述：
I live in the house the windows of
which face south.
2.I have seen trees whose leaves open at sunrise and
close at sunset.
我看到一些树，它们的叶子日出时张开，日落时闭拢。
或：I have seen trees the leaves of which open at
sunrise and close at sunset.
3.In this area there are some farms whose soil is very
fertile.
在这个地区有一些土壤很肥沃的农场。
或：In this area there are some farms the soil of which
is very fertile.
▲关系副词引导的定语从句
如果先行词代表的是时间、地点、原因时，定语从句就要用关系副词引导，关系副词有：when,
where和why，分别代表时间、地点和原因，在定语从句中作状语。
▲当先行词代表时间时，定语从句由when引导。
1.I still remember the days when we got together in
Beijing.
我仍然记得我们在北京聚会的那些日子。
2.There are moments when I forgot all about
it.
有时我把这完全忘了。
3.At the time when I saw him, he was
well.
我看到他时他挺好的。
4.1995 was the year when his son was
born.
一九九五年是他儿子的出生年。
5.She came on the day when I was not at
home.
她来的那天我不在家。
6.October here is a month when the weather is
cool.
这里的十月份是个天气凉爽的月份。
▲当先行词表示地点时，定语从句可由where引导。
1.She has gone home where she will stay for a
week.
她已经回家了，要在家呆一个星期。
2.He went to the exhibition, where he saw a lot of new
books.
他去参观书展，在那儿看到许多新书。
3.This is the house where Lu Xun once lived and
worked.
这就是鲁迅曾经居住并工作过的地方。
4.That's the hotel where we were staying last
summer.
这就是我们去年夏天住的旅馆。
5.We have reached a point where a change is
needed.
我们到了必须改一改的地步。
6.I know a place where we can swim.
我知道一个可以游泳的地方。
▲关系副词why表示原因，跟在先行词reason之后，在定语从句中作原因状语。
1.The reason why I'm calling you is to invite you to
the party.
我给你打电话的原因是想邀请你参加一个晚会。
2.Do you know the reason why she was so angry
yesterday?
你知道她昨天为什么那样生气吗？
3.The reason why the peasants are becoming rich is
that the Party's policy has been implemented.
农民变富的原因是党的政策得到了贯彻。
4.Give me one reason why we should help
you.
给我举出一个我们应当帮助你的理由。
注：上面我们讲到，当先行词表示时间、地点、原因时，定语从句可由关系副词引导，但还有一点必须弄清楚，就是关系词在定语从句中作什么成分，只有作状语时才能用关系副词。先行词表示的是时间、地点或原因，但在后面的定语从句中如果关系词不是作状语，而是作主语或宾语，则仍应用关系代词，因为关系副词是不能作主语或宾语的。请比较下面例子：
1.This is the school where I studied ten years
ago.
这是我十年前读书的学校。 studied in the
school studied(vi.)
2.This is the school which we visited last week.
这是我们上情形参观的学校。 visited the school
visited(vt.)
3.I'll never forget the days when we worked
together.
我永远忘不了我们在一起工作的日子。 worked during
the days worked(vi.)
4.I'll never forget the days which we spent in
Qingdao.
我永远也忘不了我们在青岛度过的那些日子。 spent the days
spent(vt.)
5.This is the reason why he didn't attend the
meeting.
这就是他没有出席会议的原因。
6.This is the reason which he gave me.
这就是他给我的理由。 gave me the reason
☺在很多情况下，关系副词相当于“介词 + 关系副词”。
1.This is the school in which I studied when I was a
child.
这是我小时侯就读的学校。
2.I'll never forget the day on which I joined the
army.
我永远也忘不了我参军的那一天。
3.The hotel in which we stayed for night has a garden
in front of it.
我们过夜的那个旅馆前面有个花园。
语法专题训练：
一、用who, which, whose, that, when, where, why填空。
1. This was the best model of radio set ________ the factory
made in 2001.
2. Do you know anyone ________ knows about the history of the
pyramids?
3. We have visited the factory, ________ my grandfather once
worked.
4. We'll never forget the day ________ we traveled
abroad.
5. This is the man _______ daughter is in my
class.
6. He told me everything ________ he had seen in the
accident.
7. I don't know the reason ________ she didn't agree to our
study plan.
8. Yesterday I met Mr Li ________ told me the whole
matter.
9. We are living in an age ________ many things are done by
computer.
10. She heard a terrible noise, ________ brought her heart
into her house.
二、单项选择
1. The result of the experiment was very good, ______ we
hadn't expected.
a. when
b. where
c. which
d. that
2. After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the
small town ______ he grew up as a child.
a. which
b. where
c. that
d. when
3. Carol said the work would be done by October, ______
personlly I doubt very much.
a. it
b. that
c. when
d.
which
4. Recently I bought an accident an ancient Chinese vase,
______ was very reasonable.
a. which price
b. the price of which c. its price
d. the price of whose
5. He's got himself into a dangerous situation ______ he is
likely to lose control over the plane.
a. where
b. which
c. while
d. why
6. ______ is mentioned above, the number of the students in
senior high schools is increasing.
a. Which
b. As
c.
That
d. It
7. Mary was always speaking highly of her role in the play,
______ , of course, made the others unhappy.
a. who
b. which
c. this
d. what
8. We will be shown around the city, schools, museuns, and
some other places, ______ other visitors seldom go.
a. what
b. which
c. where
d. who
9. John said he'd been working in the office for an hour,
______ was true.
a. he
b. this
c. which
d. who
10. It was an exciting moment for those football fans this
years, ______ for the first time in years their team won the World
Cup.
a. that
b. while
c.
when
d. which
11. I gave him a warning, ______ he turned a deaf
ear.
a. of which
b. for which
c. to that
d. to which
12. The general controlled a thousand men, ______ must obey
his order in the war.
a. all of whom
b. all of who
c. all of them
d. all of which
13. The pen, ______ I paid 13 yuan, was lost.
a. which
b. that
c. for which
d. to
which
14. The day will soon come _______ man will set foot on
another planet.
a. which
b. when
c. why
d.
where
15. Do you know the person ______ you discussed the
problem?
a. that
b. who
c. in which
d. with
whom
16. The games ________ the young men competed were
difficult.
a. which
b. that
c. in which
d. in
that
17. The factory _______ is on the other side of the
city.
a. where he works b.
he works in
c. in which he works d. all of the
above
18. The manage ________ company he works is very strict with
the workers.
a. who
b. in which
c. whose
d. in
whose
19. There is a mountain ________ the top is always covered
with snow.
a. it's
b.
that
c.
of that
d. of which
20. He came back to the college _______ he taught chemistry
20 years ago.
a. that
b. which
c. in which
d. to
which
三、单句改错
1. Which was reported to all, a sandstorm broke out in
Beijing yesterday.
_______________
2. This is just the very criminal whom the police have been
looking for.
_______________
3. Give the prize to the student who composition is thought
excellent.
_______________
4. The house is being built is mine.
_______________
5. The old woman was very happy to get back the gold ring
what she
had lost on the plane.
_______________
四、汉译英
1.中国是一个有着悠久历史的国家。________________________________________________
2.我已经说完我想说的了。________________________________________________________
3.刚才和你握手的那个妇女是谁？
_________________________________________________
4.她的父母不想让她嫁给那个家里很穷的年轻人。
______________________________________________________________________________
5.琳达说第二天我们就会完成任务。________________________________________________
五、短文改错
The problem with Television
Now I can't watch much television but
a
1._________________
few years ago I was used to watch it every
2._________________
night. I was often a little tired after a day's work and
watch
TV demands
3._________________
very little effort. Unfortunate, there are
4._________________
too many people among my family. Some
5._________________
wanted to see the programme while others
6._________________
preferred another. I am happy with
7._________________
any programme but the others spent
a lot time arguing and there was no way
8._________________
of settling the matter except by selling
9._________________
the set. Now someone at home reads instead.
10.________________
