独立主格结构(Nominative Absolute Construction)
2013-01-24 13:25阅读:
1. 概述
“独立主格结构”是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语,加上分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成。这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系,通常称为“独立主格结构”。
2. 独立主格结构基本构成形式
①
名词(代词)+ 现在分词
The rain having stopped, he went out for a walk.
(雨停了,他出去散步。)
There being no salt, we had to go to buy some.
(由于没有盐了,我们只好去买一些。)
②
名词(代词)+ 过去分词
All
thingsconsidered,the planned
trip will have to be called off.
(考虑到所有的事情,原计划的旅行将不得不取消。)
Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea.
(她干完了活,坐
下来喝茶。)
③
名词(代词)+ 不定式
在“名词/代词+动词不定式”结构中,动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词如果存在着逻辑上的主谓关系,动词不定式则用主动的形式;如果是动宾关系,则用被动形式。
We divided the work, he to clean the windows and I to sweep
the floor. (我们进行了分工,他擦窗户,我扫地。)
Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built
school will look even more beautiful.
(种上许多的树、花和草后,我们新建的学校看上去将更美。)
④
名词(代词)+ 形容词
The Trojans asleep, the Greek soldiers crept out of the
hollow wooden horse.
(特洛伊人睡着了,于是希腊士兵从中空的木马里悄悄爬了出来。)
Computers very small, we can use them widely.
(电脑虽小,我们却能广泛地利用它们。)
⑤
名词(代词)+ 副词
The meeting over, we left the meeting room.
(散会了,我们很快就离开了会议室。)
The lights off, we could not go on with the
work.
(灯熄了,我们不能继续工作了。)
⑥
名词(代词)+ 名词
He fought the wolf, a stick his only weapon.
(他和狼搏斗着,唯一的武器是一根棍棒。)
Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them
children.
(两百人死于事故,其中有许多儿童。)
⑦
名词(代词)+ 介词短语
He lay at full length upon his
stomach,his head resting upon his left
forearm.
(他的脊背朝天,四肢伸展,头枕着左臂,直挺挺地趴伏着。)
Every afternoon a very old woman hobbled past the old
house,a vast load of firewood on her
back.
(每天下午,一个背着一大背柴禾的老妇人都会从那间破旧的房屋前蹒跚着走过。)
3. 独立主格结构的句法功能
① 作时间状语
My shoes
removed,I entered a low-ceilinged
room,treading cautiously on the soft
tatami matting.
(我脱掉鞋子后,走进一间屋顶很低的房间,小心翼翼地踩在柔软的塌塌米垫子上。)
The governor
pondering the matter,more strikers
gathered across his path.
(总督思考问题时,更多的罢工工人聚集在他要通过的路上。)
② 作条件状语
Weather
permitting,they will go on an outing to
the beach tomorrow.
(如果天气允许的话,他们将在明天组织一次海滨郊游。)
Such being the
case,you have no grounds for dismissing
him.
(如果情况如此的话,你没有理由解聘他。)
③ 作原因状语
The boy
leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange
cave.
(由那个男孩带路,我们很容易就找到了那奇怪的洞。)
There being no
further business to discuss, we all went home.
(没有别的事可讨论,我们都回家了。)
④ 作伴随状语或补充说明
I took my
ticket,and marched proudly up the
platform,with my
cheeses,the people falling back
respectfully on either side.
(我拿着车票还有我的奶酪,雄赳赳气昂昂地跨步走向月台。人们似乎很尊敬我,纷纷向两边退去。)
Ten students
entered for the competition, the youngest a boy of 12.
(十个学生报名参加了这次竞赛,年纪最小的是个12岁的男孩。)
⑤
作定语,独立主格结构作定语其功能相当于一个定语从句。
He is the person with
a lot of questions to be settled.
(他就是有许多问题要解决的那个人。)
He was walking along the road without any street lights on
its both sides.
(他走在一条两边没有路灯的马路上。)
Close to the
bank I saw deep pools, the water blue like the sky.
(靠近岸时,我看见几个深池塘,池水碧似蓝天。)
4.独立主格结构注意事项
①
独立主格结构多用于书面语,尤其是描述性语言中,在口语和非正式文体中,一般用从句或两个句子来代替。独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在,名词或代词与后面的分词等逻辑上是主谓关系,独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
The president
assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
(总统被谋杀了,举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。)
②
动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生,动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束,动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。
The manager
looks worried,many things to
settle.
(经理看上去很着急,
有这么多的事情要处理。(事情还没有处理,而且是由经理本人来处理,用不定式to
settle,表示将来的时间))
The manager
looks relaxed, many things settled.
(许多事情已经处理好了,经理看上去很轻松。(事情已经处理好了,用过去分词settled表示动作已经结束))
The food being
cooked, the boy was watching TV.
(小孩一边做饭,一边看电视。(两个动作同时进行))
③
独立主格结构介词使用的问题
当介词是in时,其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分(如物主代词或冠词),也不用复数。但
with 的复合结构不受此限制。
A robber
burst into the room, knife in hand. (
hand前不能加his)
(劫匪手里拿着刀闯进房间。 )
当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时,及物动词用现在分词,不及物动词用过去分词。
He lay there,
his teeth set, his hands clenched, his eyes looking straight
up.
(他躺在那儿,牙关紧闭,双拳紧握,两眼直视上方。)
④
独立主格结构与独立成分的异同
有些分词短语可以独立存在,在句子中没有逻辑上的主语,作为习惯用法。这些短语有:Generally
speaking (总的说来),Frankly speaking
(坦率地说),Judging from
(从……判断),Supposing
(假设),等等。
Generally
speaking, the rule is very easy to understand.
(总的说来,这条规则很容易懂。)
Judging from what he said, he must be an honest
man.
(由他所说的来判断,他一定是一个诚实的人。)
有些固定短语是带 to
的不定式,表明说话人的立场或态度,在句中作独立成分。这些短语有:to be
honest(老实说),to be sure
(确实),to tell you the truth
(说实话),to cut a long story short
(长话短说),to be frank
(坦率地说),to make matters / things worse
(更糟糕的是),等等。
To tell you the truth, I made a mistake in the
word spelling.
(说实话,我犯了一个拼写错误。)
To make things worse, many of the men have
gone off to cities in search of higher pay, leaving women from
nearby villages to carry on with the work.
(情况更糟的是,许多男人都去城市找工资较高的工作,而留下附近村庄的妇女来继续承担修复工作。)
⑤
独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转换为状语从句。但是独立主格结构转换为状语从句后,它有自己的逻辑主语,与主句的主语不一致;而分词短语转换为状语从句后,从句的主语与主句的主语一致。
If time permits, we'd better have a holiday at
weekends.
转换为:Time permitting, we'd better have a holiday
at weekends.
(如果时间允许, 我们最好周末去度假。)
When we see from the hilltop, we can find the
city more beautiful.
转换为:Seeing from the hilltop, we can find the
city more beautiful.
(从山顶上看,我们发现这个城市更美了。)
还必须注意,分词结构的逻辑主语并不总是和主句的主语一致,也可以是主句的其他成分。
Searching for the
thief in the city, it had taken the policemen a long
time.
(在城市里搜查小偷,花费了警察很长一段时间。(Searching短语的逻辑主语是主句中的policemen))
5.with,without
引导的独立主格结构
with(without)+
宾语(名词/代词)+
宾语补足语,宾语通常由名词或代词充当,但代词一定要用宾格。上文的独立主格结构的几种情况都适用于此结构。
The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.
(小女孩把盒子藏了起来,没有人知道它在哪里。(without
+名词/代词+动词的-ing形式))
Without a word
more spoken, she left the meeting room.
(她没再说什么话就离开了会议室。(without+名词/代词+动词的-ed形式))
The kid feels
excited with so many places of interest to visit.
(有这么多的名胜可参观,小孩很激动。(with+名词/代词+动词不定式))
The boy was
walking, with his father ahead.
(父亲在前,小孩在后走着。(with+名词/代词+副词))
He stood at
the door, with a computer in his hand.
或He stood at the door, computer in
hand.
(他站在门口,手里拿着一部电脑。(with+名词/代词+介词短语))
With his son so disappointing, the old man felt unhappy.
(由于儿子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快乐。(with+名词/代词+形容词))
在with(without)的复合结构中,多数情况下with
能省略,但without 不能省略。
6.独立主格结构注意事项
①
独立主格结构多用于书面语,尤其是描述性语言中,在口语和非正式文体中,一般用从句或两个句子来代替。独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在,名词或代词与后面的分词等逻辑上是主谓关系,独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
The president
assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
(总统被谋杀了,举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。)
②
动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生,动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束,动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。
The manager
looks worried,many things to
settle.
(经理看上去很着急,
有这么多的事情要处理。(事情还没有处理,而且是由经理本人来处理,用不定式to
settle,表示将来的时间))
The manager
looks relaxed, many things settled.
(许多事情已经处理好了,经理看上去很轻松。(事情已经处理好了,用过去分词settled表示动作已经结束))
The food being
cooked, the boy was watching TV.
(小孩一边做饭,一边看电视。(两个动作同时进行))
③ 独立主格结构介词使用的问题
当介词是in时,其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分(如物主代词或冠词),也不用复数。但
with 的复合结构不受此限制。
A robber
burst into the room, knife in hand. (
hand前不能加his)
(劫匪手里拿着刀闯进房间。)
(当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时,及物动词用现在分词,不及物动词用过去分词。)
He lay there,
his teeth set, his hands clenched, his eyes looking straight
up.
(他躺在那儿,牙关紧闭,双拳紧握,两眼直视上方。)
④
独立主格结构与独立成分的异同
有些分词短语可以独立存在,在句子中没有逻辑上的主语,作为习惯用法。这些短语有:Generally
speaking (总的说来),Frankly speaking
(坦率地说),Judging from
(从……判断),Supposing
(假设),等等。
Generally
speaking, the rule is very easy to understand.
(总的说来,这条规则很容易懂。)
Judging from what he said, he must be an honest
man.
(由他所说的来判断,他一定是一个诚实的人。)
有些固定短语是带 to
的不定式,表明说话人的立场或态度,在句中作独立成分。这些短语有:to be
honest(老实说),to be sure
(确实),to tell you the truth
(说实话),to cut a long story short
(长话短说),to be frank
(坦率地说),to make matters / things worse
(更糟糕的是),等等。
To tell you the truth, I made a mistake in the
word spelling.
(说实话,我犯了一个拼写错误。)
To make things worse, many of the men have
gone off to cities in search of higher pay, leaving women from
nearby villages to carry on with the work.
(情况更糟的是,许多男人都去城市找工资较高的工作,而留下附近村庄的妇女来继续承担修复工作。)
⑤
独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转换为状语从句。但是独立主格结构转换为状语从句后,它有自己的逻辑主语,与主句的主语不一致;而分词短语转换为状语从句后,从句的主语与主句的主语一致。
If time permits, we'd better have a holiday at
weekends.
转换为:Time permitting, we'd better have a holiday
at weekends.
(如果时间允许, 我们最好周末去度假。)
When we see from the hilltop, we can find the
city more beautiful.
转换为:Seeing from the hilltop, we can find the
city more beautiful.
(从山顶上看,我们发现这个城市更美了。)
还必须注意,分词结构的逻辑主语并不总是和主句的主语一致,也可以是主句的其他成分。
Searching for
the thief in the city, it had taken the policemen a long
time.
(在城市里搜查小偷,花费了警察很长一段时间。(Searching短语的逻辑主语是主句中的policemen))