What is Landscape Architecture——《景观设计（风景园林）专业英语》翻译
2012-05-17 10:36阅读：
What is Landscape Architecture
什么是风景园林
By ASLA
A Profession in
Demand
一个急需的专业
From city council rooms to
corporate boardrooms, there is increasing demand today for the
professional services of landscape architects. This trend reflects
the public’s desire for better housing, recreational and commercial
facilities, and its expanded concern for environmental protection.
Residential and commercial real estate developers, federal and
state agencies, city planning commissions, and individual property
owners are among all the thousands of people and organizations in
America and Canada that will retain the services of a landscape
architect this year.
现今，无论是在市议会室还是在公司会议室，对风景园林师专业服务的需求都在不断增长。这种趋势反映了公众对更好的房屋、更好的娱乐与商业设施的需求，以及对于环境保护的日益关注。在美国与加拿大成千上万的人群和组织中，居住区和商业区的房地产开发商、联邦与州立机构、城市规划
委员会以及个人业主仍将在今年继续保持与风景园林师的合作关系。
More than any of the
other major environmental design professions, landscape
architecture is a profession on the move. It is comprehensive by
definition-no less than the art and science
of analysis, planning design, management, preservation and
rehabilitation of the land. In providing well-managed design and
development plans, landscape architects offer an essential array of
services and expertise that reduces costs and adds long-term value
to a project.
与其他任何主要的环境设计专业相比，风景园林一直是一个不断发展的行业。它的定义极其复杂，至少涵盖了艺术与科学的分析、规划设计、管理、土地的保护与修复等方面。为了能够提供一种管理完善的设计和发展规划，风景园林师们提供了服务与专业知识的基本数据来降低成本和增加项目的长期效益。
Clear differences do
exists between landscape architecture and the other design
professions. Architects primarily design buildings and structures
with specific uses, such as homes, offices, schools and factories.
Civil engineers apply scientific principles to the design of city
infrastructures such as roads, bridges, and public utilities. Urban
planners develop a broad overview of development for entire cities
and regions. Landscape architects touch on all the above mentioned
design professions, integrating elements from each of them. While
having a working knowledge of architecture, civil engineering and
urban planning. Landscape architects take elements from each of
these fields to design aesthetic and practical relationships with
the land.
风景园林与其他设计领域存在着显著的不同。建筑师门主要设计具有特殊功能的建筑和建构，譬如住宅、办公室、学校、工厂等。土木工程师则将那些科学原则应用于城市基础设施中，比如道路、大桥以及公用设施的建设。城市规划师意在提出一种对整个城市和地区发展的远见。而风景园林师则涉及到了上述所有的设计领域，并对它们进行整合。（这就需要我们）具备建筑、土木工程和城市规划的专业知识。风景园林师从这些领域习得知识，来协调土地的美学和功能之间的关系。
A Diverse
Profession
一个多元化的专业
Landscape architecture is one
of the most diversified of the design professions.
风景园林是设计领域中最多元化的专业之一。
Landscape architects design the
built environment of neighborhoods, towns and cities while also
protecting and managing the natural environment, from its forests
and fields to rivers and coasts. Members of the profession have a
special commitment to improving the quality of life through the
best design of places for people and other living
things.
风景园林师不但设计社区、小镇、城市的人工环境，而且也保护和管理自然环境，从森林到田野到河流再到海岸（都是风景园林师的实践范畴）。他们恪守着一种特殊的承诺，即通过最好的地块设计为人类和其他生物改善生活品质。
In fact, the work of landscape
architects surrounds us. Members of the profession are involved in
the planning of such sites as office plazas, public squares and
thoroughfares. The attractiveness of parks, highways, housing
developments, urban plazas, zoos and campuses reflects the skill of
landscape architects in planning and designing the construction of
useful and pleasing projects.
事实上，风景园林师的实践无处不在。他们参与譬如办公广场、公共广场、道路等的规划。公园、高速路、住宅开发、城市广场、动物园和大学校园的吸引力正反映了风景园林师在规划和设计实用与美相结合的项目建设上的（高超）技巧。
Tracing the
Profession’s Roots
追溯专业的根源
The origin of today’s
profession of landscape architecture can be traced to the early
treatments of outdoor space by successive ancient cultures, from
Persia and Egypt through Greece and Rome. During the Renaissance ,
this interest in outdoor space, which had waned during the Middle
Ages, was reviewed with splendid results in Italy and gave rise to
ornate villas, gardens, and great outdoor piazzas.
今天的风景园林专业的源头可以追溯至从波斯和埃及到希腊和罗马的这些不断继承、延续的古老文化中对户外空间的一些早期处理方式。这种对户外空间的兴趣曾在中世纪一度衰落，而后经过文艺复兴时期，又展现在了意大利的灿烂成就之中，并造就了一批华丽的别墅、花园以及宏大的户外广场。
These precedents, in turn, greatly influences the chateaux
and urban gardens of 17
th century France, where
landscape architecture and design reached new heights of
sophistication and formality. The designers became well-known, with
Andre le Norte, who designed the gardens at Versailles and
Vaux-le-Vicomte, among the most famous of the early
forerunners of today’s landscape
architects.
这些先例对17世纪法国的城堡和城市花园产生了极大的影响，使法国园林设计达到了一种精巧与模式的新高度。并随着安德烈·勒·诺特尔设计了凡尔赛宫苑花园和沃-勒-维贡特庄园后，在当今风景园林最著名的早期先驱者中，一批风景园林师开始为人所熟知。
In the 18th
century, most English “landscape gardeners”, such as Lancelot
“Capability” Brown, who remodeled the grounds of Blenheim palace,
rejected the geometric emphasis of the French in favor of imitating
the forms of nature.
在18世纪，大多数“造园师”，比如改造了布伦海姆宫的“万能的”布朗，都以对自然形的模仿取代了法国（园林）中对几何形的强调。
One important exception was Sir Humphrey
Repton. He reintroduced formal structure into landscape
design with the creation of the first great public parks Victoria park in
London(1845) and Birkenhead park in Liverpool(1847). In turn, these
two parks would greatly influence the development of landscape
architecture in the United States and Canada.
汉弗莱·来普顿爵士是其中一个重要的例外。他在园林设计中再次使用了规则式结构，创造了第一个伟大的公共园林——即伦敦的维多利亚公园（1845）和利物浦的伯明翰公园（1847）。这两个公园的诞生深深的影响了风景园林在美国和加拿大的发展。
Frederick
Law Olmsted : “Father of
American landscape architecture”
弗雷德里克·L·奥姆斯特徳:“美国风景园林之父”
The history of the profession
in North America begins with Frederick Law Olmsted, who rejected
the name “landscape gardener” in favor of the title of “landscape
architect”, which he felt better reflected the scope of the
profession.
在北美，风景园林专业的历史始于奥姆斯特德，他摈弃了“造园家”的称谓，并以“风景园林师”取而代之，他认为这个称谓能够更好的反映专业的范畴。
In 1863, official use of the
designation “landscape architect” by New York’s park commissioners
marked the symbolic genesis of landscape architecture as a modern
design profession. Olmsted became a pioneer and visionary for the
profession. His projects illustrate his high professional
standards, including the design of central park in New York with
Calvert Vaux in the late 1850’s and the U.S. Capitol Grouds in the
1870’s. Olmsted and the
Brookline, Mass., firm he founded
advanced the concept of parks as well-designed, functional public
green spaces amid the grayness of the urban areas through the well
practiced principles of landscape architecture and city
planning.
1863年，纽约公园委员会在官方上使用“风景园林师”的称谓，标志着风景园林开始成为一个现代设计行业。奥姆斯特德成为了该行业的先驱和有卓越远见的人。他的项目，譬如他在19世纪50年代后期与沃克斯合作的中央公园设计，以及在70年代设计的美国国会广场等，都树立了很高的专业标准。他建立的公司通过风景园林的良好实施原则和城市规划，推进了公园作为一个精心设计的、功能性的、间于灰色城市空间中的公共绿色空间的概念。
Early Development: Late 1800’s
早期的发展:19世纪末
In the ensuing
years, the profession of landscape
architecture broadened. It played a major role in fulfilling the
growing national need for well-planned and well-designed urban
environments.
在随后的几年，风景园林专业领域拓宽了。在满足人们对于良好城市环境规划和设计、不断增长的需求中，风景园林专业扮演了重要角色。
Urban
parks, metropolitan park systems, planned suburban residential
enclaves and college campuses were planned and developed in large
numbers, climaxing with the city beautiful movement at the turn of
the century.
大量的城市公园、城市公园系统、郊区住宅区和大学校园被规划和开发，并随着城市美化运动在本世纪之交（发展的数量）达到了顶峰。
Although
the profession itself grew slowly, its early practitioner,
including Olmsted, Vaux and Horace Cleveland, were among the first
to take part in the town planning movement and to awaken interest
in civic design. Olmsted also joined other early landscape
architects in working on projects in other urban
settings, such as at
Yosemite Valley
and Niagara
Falls.
虽然风景园林专业本身发展缓慢，但那些包括奥姆斯特徳、沃克斯以及贺拉斯·克利夫兰等的早期先驱们，还是成为了首批参与到城市规划运动中的人，并以此唤醒了市民设计的兴趣。奥姆斯特徳还与其他风景园林师一起参与到了有关其他城市环境的项目中，譬如约塞米蒂峡谷和尼亚加拉大瀑布。
In 1899,
the American society of landscape architects was founded by
11people in New York, most of them associated with Olmsted. The
society continued to represent landscape architects throughout the
United States. In 1900, Olmsted’s son, Frederick Law Olmsted Jr. ,
organized and taught at Harvard university’s first course in
landscape architecture.
1899年，美国风景园林师协会在纽约成立，组建的11个成员中大多数都与奥姆斯特徳有联系。这个协会代表了美国的风景园林师。1900年，奥姆斯特徳的儿子——小奥姆斯特徳首次在哈佛大学成立并教授风景园林这门学科。
