船级社(Classification society)
2012-03-06 18:20阅读：
船级社(Classification society)
船级社是一个建立和维护船舶和离岸设施建造和操作技术标准的非政府组织。通常通过对于船舶监造和定期检查来确保航海设备满足其规范。
责任
船级社设定技术规范，确认船舶和其他航海设备设计满足规范要求。在船舶建造和调试期间进行监控，并在设备和船舶运营期内进行持续检查以确保船舶和设施持续符合规范要求。船级社同样对于石油平台，离岸设施和潜艇进行船检。船检过程涉及的柴油发动机，重要的舰载泵和其他重要机械。
验船师进行船检以确保该船舶，其设备和机械建造以及维护符合其入级船级社的规范要求。
历史
十八世纪中，伦敦的商人，船东和船长经常聚集在爱德华劳埃德(Edward
Lloyds)咖啡馆谈论八卦，分享航行见闻已经从事交易。大部分的船舶和货物保险都在此地办理。不久，保险业就意识到需要对于船舶的质量进行了解。在1760年注册协会成立，发展成世界上第一个船级社劳氏船级社，并开始对船舶开始检验和登记入级，并开始对于船舶和设备进行分类。当时将船体技术状况划分为五类：A（最好）、E（较好）、I（中等）、O（较坏）、U（最坏）；又将所帆、锚等设备分为三类：G（好）、
M（中）、B（坏）。随着时间的推移，G、M和B被1，2，3所替代。这也是现在众所周知的代表最高等级的 A1
的由来。该系统的目的是，对船舶安全性，适航性的风险评估。
劳氏船级社在1764年出版了第一版船舶登记簿，并在1764年到1766年间使用。
必维船级社（Bureau Veritas）与1828年在安特卫普成立，并与1832年搬迁到巴黎。
其他船级社
§
美国船级社
ABS
American Bureau of Shipping
§
法国船级社
BV
Bureau Veritas
§
中国船级社
CCS
China Classification Society
§
中国验船中心
CR
China Corporation Register of
Shipping
§
挪威船级社
DNV
Det Norske Veritas
§
德国劳氏船级社
GL
Germanischer Lloyd
§
韩国船级社
KR
Korean Register of Shipping
§
英国劳氏船级社
LR
Lloyd's Register
§
日本海事协会
NK
Nippon Kaiji Kyokai (ClassNK)
§
意大利船级学会 RINA
Registro Italiano Navale
§
俄罗斯船级社
RS
Russian Maritime Register of
Shipping
A
classification society is a
nongovernment organization
that establishes and
maintains technical standards for the construction and operation of
ships
and
off shore structure.
The society
will also validate that construction is according to these
standards and carry out regular surveys in service to ensure
compliance with the standards.
Responsibility
Classification societies set technical rules, confirm that designs
and calculations meet these rules, survey ships and structures
during the process of construction and commissioning, and
periodically survey
vessels to ensure that they continue to
meet the rules. Classification societies are also responsible for
classing
oil platform, other offshore structures, and
submarines. This survey process covers diesel engines,
important shipboard pumps and other vital machinery.
Classification surveyors inspect ships to make sure that the ship,
its components and machinery are built and maintained according to
the standards required for their class.
History
In the second half of the 18th century, London merchants,
ship-owners, and captains often gathered at
Edward Llord
coffee house to gossip and make deals including sharing the risks
and rewards of individual voyages. This became known as
underwriting
after the practice of signing one's name
to the bottom of a document pledging to make good a portion of the
losses if the ship didn’t make it in return for a portion of the
profits. It did not take long to realize that the underwriters
needed a way of assessing the quality of the ships that they were
being asked to insure. In 1760, the Register Society was formed —
the first classification society and which would subsequently
become
Llord's Register
— to publish an annual
register of ships. This publication attempted to classify the
condition of the ship’s hull and equipment. At that time, an
attempt was made to classify the condition of each ship on an
annual basis. The condition of the hull was classified A, E, I, O
or U, according to the state of its construction and its adjudged
continuing soundness (or lack thereof). Equipment was G, M, or B:
simply, good, middling or bad. In time, G, M and B were replaced by
1, 2 and 3, which is the origin of the well-known expression 'A1',
meaning 'first or highest class'. The purpose of this system was
not to assess safety, fitness for purpose or seaworthiness of the
ship. It was to evaluate risk.
Samuel Plimsoll
pointed out the obvious downside of
insurance:
The ability of ship-owners to insure themselves against the
risks they take not only with their property, but with other
peoples’ lives, is itself the greatest threat to the safe operation
of ships.
The first edition of the
Register of Ships was
published by Lloyd's Register in 1764 and was for use in the years
1764 to 1766.
Bureau Veritas
(BV) was founded in
Anwert
in
1828, moving to
Paris
in 1832. Lloyd's Register
reconstituted in 1834 to become 'Lloyd's Register of British and
Foreign Shipping'. Where previously surveys had been undertaken by
retired sea captains, from this time surveyors started to be
employed and Lloyd's Register formed a General Committee for the
running of the Society and for the Rules regarding ship
construction and maintenance, which began to be published from this
time.
In 1834, the Register Society published the first Rules for the
survey and classification of vessels, and changed its name to
Lloyds Register of Shipping. A full time bureaucracy of surveyors
(inspectors) and support people was put in place. Similar
developments were taking place in the other major maritime
nations.
Adoption of common rules for ship construction by Norwegian
insurance societies in the late 1850s led to the establishment of
Det Norske veritas
(DNV) in 1864. Then after
RINA
was founded in Genoa, Italy in 1861 under the
name Registro Italiano, to meet the needs of Italian maritime
operators. Six years later
Germanischer
Lloyd (GL) was formed in 1867 and
Nippon Kaiji
Kyokai (ClassNK) in 1899. The
Russian
Maritime Register of Shipping (RS) was an early offshoot
of the River Register of 1913.
As the classification profession evolved, the practice of assigning
different classifications has been superseded, with some
exceptions. Today a ship either meets the relevant class society’s
rules or it does not. As a consequence it is either 'in' or 'out'
of 'class'. Classification societies do not issue statements or
certifications that a vessel is 'fit to sail' or 'unfit to sail',
merely that the vessel is in compliance with the required codes.
This is in part related to legal liability of the classification
society.
However, each of the classification societies has developed a
series of notations that may be granted to a vessel to indicate
that it is in compliance with some additional criteria that may be
either specific to that vessel type or that are in excess of the
standard classification requirements. See
Ice class
as an example.
