第二讲汉英词语翻译（一）
2019-12-04 16:19阅读：
一、汉英词义关系及翻译
1. 相符
广播讲话 radio address
尾灯 tail light
尾随某人 tail after sb.
改革措施 reform measure 综合国力
overall strength of the country
民族自尊 national dignity 束紧腰带
tighten one
’s belt
但汉英有许多不对应的词组，切忌按字面意思直译，切忌一味迷信汉英词典——一般要用有例子的大的汉英词典，在所给的数个英语词中要有所选择，这就要求译者有相当的英语基础。例如：
盐水 salt solution
学英语歌 learn English
songs
强硬政策 tough policies
实现自足 reach
self-sufficiency
2. 包孕：不对等，有时汉语某个词意思广，有时英语词意思广
风 wind
(只指自然风，室外风)，室内风
draught
不要坐在风口上，不然你要感冒的。
Don’t sit in a draught, or you will
catch cold.
汽车 automobile (auto,
小轿车)， bus, minibus,
truck, taxi
Beauty 美，美人；
sister, brother, aunt, uncle
3. 交叉
骑 ride
骑
Ride a horse, ride a bike, sit on the fence
(fence-sitter)
乘公交 ride in a bus, a ship riding the waves, an
eagle riding the wind
4.
空缺：由于文化风俗等差异，汉语中的某些词，英语中根本没有，反之亦然。例如：
三八红旗手 March 8 red-flaggers (a honorific
title for women who have made extraordinary achievements and
outstanding contributions on the various fronts of socialist
construction)
糖葫芦 Tanghulu, a sugar-coated fruit on the stick
which is a kind of children
’s favorite food in winter
我属鸡，鸡年是我的本命年。I was born in the Year of Rooster, which
will bring me good luck or bad luck.
二、词语翻译策略
1. 一词多义：翻译时要根据上下文选词
这两个箱子轻重不一样。
The two cases do not weigh the same.
工作应分轻重缓急，不要眉毛胡子一把抓。
Work should be done in order of importance and urgency; you
shouldn’t grasp all at one
time.
请你别见怪，他说话就是不知轻重。
I hope you won’t mind about his
words, for he simply doesn’t know the
proper way to talk.
2. 同义词：英译时也要用不同的同义词或近义词
孔乙己争辩道：“窃书不能算偷……窃书！……读书人的事，能算偷么？”
Kong Yiji protested: “Taking
books can’t be counted as
stealing…Taking
books…for a
scholar…can’t
be counted as stealing.”
3. 色彩：语体色彩，感情色彩
（1）注意词的语体色彩（下例中前者非常正式，后者则较口语化）
别了，司徒雷登
Farewell, Leighton Stuart
这小伙子干活真冲。
The young fellow does his work with vim and
vigor.
（2）注意词义的褒贬
他们讲唯心论，我们讲唯物论。
They preach idealism whereas we advocate
materialism.
三、短语翻译
1. 并列短语
（1）并列成分意思不同：均可译出
安定团结 stability and unity
典雅大方 elegant and
graceful
打砸抢 beating, smashing and looting
改革开放 reform and opening to the outside
world
辞旧迎新 to send off the old and welcome the
new
丰衣足食 well-fed and well-clothed
（2）意思基本一样，只是为了修辞效果：只译一个，以免累赘
生动活泼 lively 光辉灿烂
brilliant 打击报复
to retaliate
植树造林 afforestation 繁荣昌盛
prosperous
丰功伟绩 great achievements 风调雨顺
good weather for the crops
添油加醋 to add spice to 心灰意懒
to feel disheartened
贼眉鼠眼 thievish-looking
2. 偏正短语
（1）偏正名词短语：一般情况下定语在前，尤其是一个词作定语
产权关系 property relations
合资企业 joint venture
期货贸易
forward trade
多边贸易 multilateral
trade
最惠国待遇 most-favored-nation treatment
但也有例外，属习惯，需要记
知识产权 intellectual property rights
自由贸易区 free trade area
（2）一个词以上作定语一般后置
流行歌曲排行榜 hit parade of the pop songs
中美关系 the relations between China and the
US
3. 主谓短语
（1）作主语：可用形式主语，也可翻成两句
老一辈教育家对青年教师这样关心，真叫我感动。
The educators of the old generation have shown so much
concern about young teachers. That has moved me
greatly.
（2）作补语：视情况组织语序
一阵微风吹得湖上泛起涟漪。
A breeze rippled the lake.
正午的骄阳晒得他汗流浃背。
He perspired all over in the scorching sun at
noon.
四、“因为”、“例如”等常用词的翻译
1.“因为”because, as, since,
for
because 最常用，用来回答以 why
开头的疑问句。
as 或 since 可以代替
because 引导原因从句，尤其是在书面语中：
下面是对 The National Portrait Gallery 的注释，因为
Gallery 一词容易令人误解
Here is a note about The National Portrait Gallery, as the
word ‘Gallery’
can be misleading.
这种果汁太浓，所以必须加以稀释。
Since the juice is quite strong, you should always dilute
it.
在故事中，for有时用于解释或论证：
他看起来需要陪伴，因为他突然回到了屋里。
He seemed to be in need of company, for he suddenly went back
into the house
我耳朵聋，所以不善交际。
I’m unsocial, because of my
deafness
考虑到这一带自然风光旖旎，你不能建在这里。
Because it is an area of outstanding natural beauty, you
can’t build on it...
女性工作出色，部分原因在于她们越来越多地涉足男性的领域
Women are doing the job well. This is partly because women
are increasingly moving into a man's world...
其他：后只更名词或名词词组
due to只能放主句后
他失误的原因是年轻没有经验。
His mistake was due to youth and inexperience.
owing to放在前后均可
比赛因大雨取消了。
The game was cancelled owing to torrential rain.
由于发动机出了毛病，飞机不得不进行迫降。
Owing to engine trouble, the plane had to make a
forced landing.
因为天气恶劣， 飞行延期了。
The flight was postponed on account of bad weather.
注意：以上表示“因为”的连词或词组构成的短语或从句，只是状语或状语从句，不能独立成句。
2. “例如”
for example (e.g.); for instance; such
as
大人物常常出身贫寒，例如林肯和爱迪生。
Great men have often risen from poverty, for example, Lincoln
and Edison.
一个大学生失踪了好几天。
For example, one college student was missing for several
days.
有的工作比驾驶卡车更危险，例如驯狮。
There are jobs more dangerous than truck driving; for
instance, training lions.
她这人靠不住，例如昨天一个重要会议，她迟到了一个小时。
You cannot rely on her; for instance, she arrived an hour
late for an important meeting yesterday.
我们不喜欢像他这号人。
We dislike people such as him.
她确有几分姿色，比如说她的眼睛。
She has certain definite beauties, such as her eyes.
注意：for example ，for
instance ，such as
后接词或词组时，只能跟在主句之后，不能独立成句。
五、词块的视角：实义词的习惯搭配
这里引用词块（
chunk）这个概念，是来描述词的词汇型式（lexical
patterns）。这里所指的词块不是实词与虚词（尤其是介词）之间的搭配，而是指在某一语法型式下两个或多个词（特别是名词、动词、形容词和副词）的反复共现。这里的词块是实词与实词之间的搭配。汉译英时，注意英文词所处的最常见和典型环境，有助于我们译出更准确、更地道、更接近于目标语的译文。例如：
1. 他们到达了旅行的目的地。
They reached the goal of their journey.
要表达“达到目的”这一意义，英语中最典型的词块是reach goal
。当然，achieve…
goal/aim/objective / purpose , arrive at
…goal, attain…goal/
objective, fulfill…purpose,
meet…goal/ objective,
obtain…objective也是地道的表达；但reach
aim/ object / purpose /effect
这些表达式对本族语者来说是不可以接受的。因此，我们应该在使用英语词语搭配的地道性上下功夫。
2.你可以给我粗略地估计一下费用吗？
Can you give me a rough estimate of the cost?
“约略的估计”译为a rough
estimate是典型的英语表达。
3. 我们将会非常想念她。
We shall miss her sorely.
根据韦氏新世纪词典（Webster’s New World
Dictionary）,
副词sorely
的释义是：urgently；greatly
； extremely.
所以，这里用sorely
表达“非常”这一语义很有地道的英语味道，sorely
needed也是一个典型搭配。类似的词块还有：sorely needed
changes （非常必要的变革），
be sorely tired（极为疲劳）。
4. 这咖啡太浓。
The coffee is too strong.
浓咖啡：strong coffee , 浓茶：strong
tea ；
但是，其他与汉字“浓”搭配的词语的英语表达方式就各不相同了。如：浓雾：heavy fog ,
浓烟：dense smoke ,
浓眉：thick eye
