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现在完成时和一般过去时

2013-05-12 21:16阅读：

http://blog.sina.cn/dpool/blog/u/2988092395

现在完成时(the Present Perfect Tense)和一般过去时(the Past Simple Tense)
现在完成时
第一部分：结构和句式　　
　　现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,也可表示过去已经开始,一直延续到现在的动作或状态。学习现在完成时,先从结构和句式开始:
构成:主语 + have/has
+ 过去分词 + 其他。(当主语是第三人称单数时用has,其余人称用have, 此处 have/has为助动词。过去分词:规则动词的过去分词构成与动词过去式相同;不规则动词需要特殊记忆。)
否定式:主语 + haven't/hasn't （或have/has never） + 过去分词 + 其他。
　　疑问式: Have /Has + 主语 + 过去分词 + 其他?
　　简略答语: Yes, 主语 + have/has.(肯定)
　　　　　　　No, 主语 + haven't/hasn't.(否定)
例：He has seen the film.
改为否定句：
改为一般疑问句并做肯定和否定回答：

第二部分：标志词及用法　　
　　现在完成时的含义之一是过去完成的动作对现在仍有影响, 既涉及过去，又联系现在。用以下四大标志词可以表达这种含义:
　　* 以already, just和yet为标志
　　already, just和yet 表示到现在为止动作或状态已经、刚刚或还没有发生。
He has already got her help.　他已得到她的帮助。
He has just seen the film.　他刚刚看过这场电影。
He hasn't come back yet.　他还没有回来。
注意：*yet 用于句末或not 之后.
Has the train arrived yet? No, not yet.
*already用于肯定句, have / has 之后或句末.
We have already finished it.
*just只用于have/has 之后
　 * 以ever和never为标志　
　　ever和never 表示到现在为止动作或状态曾经(ever)或从来没有(never)发生过。
This is the best film I have ever seen.　这是我曾经看过的最好的一部电影。
He has never been to Beijing.　他从没有到过北京。
* never表示否定, 放在have / has后, He has never visited the Great Wall.
* ever用于疑问句中,句型为: Have / Has＋主语＋ever ＋过去分词？“…曾经…过吗？”用于询问某人过去的经历。
Have you ever been to the farm？
* 以动作发生的次数为标志
　　若某一动作到现在为止已经发生了若干次,则要使用现在完成时。once（一次），twice（两次），many times（很多次），how many times（多少次）
He says he has been to the USA three times. 他说他已经去过美国三次了。
How many times has he been to the USA? 他去过美国几次？
* 以so far(迄今为止)为标志
　　so far往往表示到目前为止动作或状态已经发生，用于句首或句末。
So far, we have visited the moon. 到目前为止，我们已经去了月球。
He has got to Beijing so far.　到目前为止他已到了北京。
She has passed the exam so far.　到目前为止她已经通过了考试。
第三部分：瞬间动词与延续性动词
　　过去已经开始的动作一直延续到现在, 甚至有可能继续延续下去,我们可以从动作“延续”的特性和“时间”点段的区分入手,进一步学习现在完成时。
　　*“终止”、“延续”要转换
英语中的动词从词义上可以分为延续性和非延续性两种,在现在完成时态中一定要注意动词这一特性,应将这类非延续性动词转换为延续性动词。如:
“The cat play”began half an hour ago. 歌剧《猫》在半个小时前开始了。
“The cat play” has been on for half an hour.　歌剧《猫》已经开演半个小时了。
When did you buy this dictionary? 这本字典你什么时候买的？
How long have you had this dictionary?　这本字典你买了多久了?（属于你，你拥有多久了？）
* 常见延续性动词：
I have been a teacher for nearly 20 years. 我当了近二十年的老师。（到现在为止）
How long has he lived here? 他在这里住了多久？
be，have，know，live，work，study，learn，teach，keep，speak，talk，draw，wait，wear，walk，sleep，drive，write，do，clean等。



* 常见非延续性动词：
come，go，arrive，reach，see，hear，close，open，leave，begin，start，lose，buy，fall，join，die，get up，become，borrow，lend，find，finish，receive等。
这些动词可用于现在完成时，说明某个动作的结果还存在，但不能和表示一段时间的状语（how long，for，since）连用。 例如：He has come back.（√）He has come back for two hours.（×）
※ 但在否定句中，非延续性动词也可用表示一段时间的状语来修饰，如
I haven’t heard from my father for a long time.
We haven’t seen him since 1999.
I haven’t seen you for a long time.
* 如何把非延续性动词转化为延续性动词呢？ 请看下面的例句。
He has bought the book for two weeks. 改为：He has had the book for two weeks.
He has borrowed the book for two days.改为：He has kept the book for two days.
（或改为一般过去时He bought the book two weeks ago. He borrowed the book two days ago.）
常见的相应转换形式如下:
borrow / lend → keep，buy → have, arrive /come / go / move / reach /get to →be in /at / be here /be there, die →be dead ,
begin / start →be on , open(v.)→be open (adj.), finish / end →be over, close →be closed, catch / get a cold →have a cold
leave →be away（from), go out →be out, go to school →be in school / be a student, get up →be up,
fall asleep →be asleep , fall ill →be ill, lose →be lost, become →be, return / come back / get back →be back,
join →be in / be a…member, join the army →be in the army /be a soldier, receive / get a letter → have a letter.
例：He has joined the army for three years. 他参军已有三年.（×）
改为: He has been in the army for three years / since three years ago.
He has been a soldier for three years / since three years ago.
He joined the army three years ago.
随堂巩固练习：
一.将下列句子改为现在完成时。
（1）He came to our village two years ago.= He our village since two years ago.
 （2）He left home three days ago = He home for 3 days.
 （3）I bought the watch 2 weeks ago = I the watch since 2 weeks ago.
 （4）It is 5 days since I borrowed the book = I the book for 5 days.
 （5）The film has begun = The film for half an hour.
 （6）There is a factory = There a factory for 20 years.
 （7）Our school opened in 1960 = Our school since 1960.
二.判断正误
1. He has come back for two weeks.（ ） He came back two weeks ago.（ ）
2.I have lost my bike for ten days.（ ） I lost my bike ten days ago. （ ）
3. How long has he left? （ ） How long has he been away? （ ）
4. I have bought a new dictionary for a week. （ ）
I have had a new dictionary for a week. ( ）


5. They have been here for two days.
（ ） They have come here for two days. （ ）
6. He has joined the League member for two years. （ ） He has been a League member for two years. （ ）
7. The man has been dead for several years. （ ） The man has died for several years. （ ） 8.改错：The film has begun for 5 minutes. （ ）








A B C
第四部分：时间“点”、“段”须分清
在现在完成时中，表示过去发生，目前还有可能仍在继续下去的动作或事情。常与since(自从……以来)或for(表示时间长达……). 连用。特别注意:此用法只能用于延续性动词.不能用于短暂性动词或是瞬间动词

l 表示过去已经开始，一直延续到现在的动作或状态。时间状语有：
① for＋段时间：I have taught English for 19 years。
② since＋（过去）点时间：He has been at this school since 1986.
 ③ since＋表示过去的时间状语从句：I have lived here since I was born.
 ④ since＋一段时间＋ago. ：I have known him since 20 years ago.
例如：He has been away for two years.　他已走了两年。(for+时间段)
He has been an English teacher since 1992.　自从1992年以来他一直当英语教师。（since + 过去某一时刻）
例如： We have learnt English_____ 3 years. 3 years ago. _____ we _______(come)here.


对划线的时间长度，提问用how long： How long have you learnt English?
随堂巩固练习：用for 或since填空。
1. Jill has been in Ireland 　　　 Monday.
2. Jill has been in Ireland 　　　 three days.
3. My aunt has lived in Australia 　　　 15 days.
4. Margaret is in her office. She has been there 　　　 7 o'clock.
5. India has been an independent country 　　　 1974.
6. The bus is late. We've been waiting 　　　 20 minutes.
7. Nobody lives in those houses. They have been empty 　　　 many years.
8. Mike has been ill 　　　 a long time. He has been in hospital 　　　 October.
第五部分：其他应注意的问题：
have/has gone to… A B 去了B地没有回，主语不在场

have/has been to… A B 去过B地，回来了

have/has been in… A B （stay）去了B地，呆在B地，现在仍在那里
随堂巩固练习：
一.用have/has gone to, have/has been to, have/has been in 填空
1. A: Where’s Jim, Li Lei?
B: He _____ ______ _____ the school library.
2. The Greens ______ ______ _______ China for three years.
3. We _____ ______ ______ the Great Wall twice. It’s very beautiful.

4. ______ you ever _____ _____ Shanghai?
5. Where is Lucy? She has ____ ____ the lab.
6. Lucy has been _____ China since 5 years ago.

7. Where is your father? ——He _____ _____ _____ London.

8. How many times _____ you _____ _____ Beijing? —— Never.

9. —I can’t find your mother. —Oh, she _______ ________ ________ the cinema.

10. I _____ never _____ _____ France.


11. Joe： Can I have an apple, please? Mary： We haven't got any. I 　　　 not　　　 to the shops today.
12.判断I have gone to Japan. ( )
13.判断The scenery of Yunnan is very beautiful, I have been there twice. ( )
第六部分：现在完成时中动词过去分词变化规则总结
1.规则动词的过去分词和它的过去式相同,即在原形后加－ed（－d）。
finish-finished-finished, hear-heard-heard, work-worked-worked, argue-argued-argued,
play-played-played, study-studied-studied, plan-planned-planned
2.已学近80个不规则动词的过去分词约有半数也和它的过去式相同（ABB型）
1) 原形中的元音字母有变化:
get-got-got, sit –sat-sat, win-won-won, spit- spat- spat, shine –shone- shone, find- found- found, hold-held-held, meet- met-met, stand- stood-stood, understand-understood-understood, feed- fed-fed, hang-hung-hung
2) 原形中的辅音字母有变化:
make-made-made, spill-spilt-spilt, have/ has-had-had, build-built-built, send-sent-sent, lend- lent- lent, spend-spent-spent
3) 在原形后加t或d:
spoil-spoilt-spoilt, learn-learnt-learnt, mean-meant-meant, hear-heard-heard,
pay-paid-paid, say-said-said, lay-laid-laid, lose-lost-lost, dream-dreamt-dreamt
4) 原形中的元音字母和辅音字母都有变化:
feel-felt-felt, smell-smelt-smelt, spell-spelt –spelt, keep-kept-kept, sleep-slept-slept, sweep-swept-swept, leave-left-left, sell-sold-sold, tell-told-told, catch-caught-caught, teach-taught-taught, buy-bought-bought, bring-brought-brought, think-thought-thought, wear-wore-worn
3.与原形相同 （AAA型）:
hit-hit-hit, hurt-hurt-hurt, let-let-let, put-put-put, read-read-read, set-set-set, shut-shut-shut, cost-cost-cost, cut-cut-cut
4. 还有些不规则动词的过去分词与过去式不相同 （ABC型）:
1) 原形中的元音字母有变化:
ring-rang-rung, sing-sang-sung, drink-drank-drunk, swim-swam-swum, begin-began-begun, sink-sank-sunk
2) 在原形上加－en:
eat-ate-eaten, fall-fell-fallen, ride-rode-ridden, write-wrote- written, be-was/were-been, rise-rose-risen, forget-forgot-forgotten
3)在原形上加－n:
see-saw-seen, give-gave-given, drive-drove-driven, take-took-taken, mistake-mistook-mistaken, draw-drew-drawn, blow-blew-blown, grow-grew-grown, know-knew-known, show-showed-shown, throw-threw-thrown
4)在过去式上加－n:
steal-stole-stolen, break-broken–broken, choose-chose-chosen, speak-spoke-spoken, wake-woke-woken
5) 与原型相同（ABA型）:
come-came-come, run-ran-run, become-became-become
6) 原形、过去式和过去分词都完全不相同的:
do-did-done, go-went-gone, fly-flew-flown, lie-lay-lain
个别动词有两个过去式和过去分词,一个为规则变化,另一个为不规则变化:
learn-learned-learned, learn-learnt-learnt shine-shined-shined, shine-shone-shone, smell – smelled-smelled, smell-smelt-smelt, wake -waked-waked, wake-woke-woken, spell-spelled-spelled, spell -spelt –spelt
二、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别
　　现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的确和现在有联系。动作或状态发生在过去，但它的影响现在还存在；而一般过去时表示过去的事实，不表示和现在的关系。
I have just been to London. I went there last month. 我刚去过伦敦，是上个月去的。
1. 过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。
He has seen this movie two times. He began to see it three years ago, and last Sunday he saw it again.
他看这部电影两次了。他在三年前开始看，上周日他又看了一遍。
2. 过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。
　 一般过去时的时间状语: yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语
共同的时间状语: this morning, tonight, this April, now, once
 现在完成时的时间状语:
for, since, so far, ever, never, just, before, yet, till / until now, up to now, these days, in the past/last...years
3.现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study等
过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。
举例：
　　I saw this film yesterday. 　　 （强调看的动作发生过了。）
　　I have seen this film.　 　　　 （强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）　　
　　Why did you get up so early? 　 （强调起床的动作已发生过了。）
　　Who hasn't handed in his paper? （强调有卷子，可能为不公平竞争。）
　　She has returned from Paris. 　　她已从巴黎回来了。
　　She returned yesterday.　 　　 　她是昨天回来了。
　　He has been in the League for three years. 　　(在团内的状态可延续)
 　　He has been a League member for three years. 　(是团员的状态可持续)
 　　He joined the League three years ago. 　　　　 ( 三年前入团，joined为短暂行为。)
 句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能用现在完成时，要用过去时。
　　（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
 　　（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
练习
一．用所给动词的适当形式填空。
1. With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Zhao _________(hurry) off to look after the man. So far she __________(look) after him for three hours.
2. Jim __________(make) many friends since he ________(come) to China.
3. They __________(know) each other for about ten years. They ________(meet) in a singing competition.
4.He______ already ______(write) a letter to the factory ________(ask) them __________(stop)__________(make) noise.
5. —When ______ she ______(leave)? —Ten hours ago. —Oh, he __________(leave) for a long time!
6. —______ you ______(see) the film before? —Yes, I ______.
—Where ______ you ______(see) it? —At The Queen’s Cinema.
7. —Thank you all the same, Mr. Black, but I __________(not eat) sweets.
—Oh, I am sorry. I _________(not know) that.
8. They usually ______(go) ________(fish) when they __________(live) there. But these years they ___________(not do) it.
9. —How long ______ she ______(be) ill? —He _________(begin) __________(cough) two days ago.
10. They __________(not start) to work in the field until the rain _________(stop). And they just __________(finish) it.
二．按要求完成句子。
A)句型转换。
1. John went to see his grandmother once a week.(对划线部分提问)
______ ______ ______ John ______ to see his grandmother.
2. Miss Qin has taught in this school since 1998.
______ ______ _______ Miss Qin ________ in this school?
3. My mother has been to America before. (一般疑问句）
_______ ________ mother _______ ________ to America?
4. He has already finished his homework. (改为否定句)
　He ______ finished his homework ______.
5. She has never been to Shanghai before. (改为反意疑问句)
She has never been to Shanghai before, ________ ________?
B)同义句转换,每空一词。
4. My father came back the day before yesterday.
My father _______ ______ ______ _______ two days.
5. My uncle bought the new car two months ago.
My uncle _______ ______ the new car ______ two months ago.
6. They left Changsha an hour ago.
They _______ ______ ______ ______ Changsha _______ an hour.
7. The film began ten minutes ago.
The film ______ ______ ______ _______ ten minutes.
8. The old man died 5 years ago.
The old man ______ ______ ______ _______2008.
9. I have kept Mary’s book for a week.
I ________ Mary’s book ______ week.
10. Miss Qin has lived in Wuhan since she was five.
Miss Qin ________ to Wuhan _______ she was five.
11. They have been friends since 1993.
They ________ friends twenty years ________.
12. Miss Gong has been in the Party since thirteen years ago.
Miss Gong ________ the Party ________ 2000.
三．单项填空。
1. —I’m sorry, Cathy, I ______ your radio for such a long time.
—Never mind.
A. have borrowed B. have lent C. have kept D. have returned
2. —Where have you ______ these days?
—I have ______ to Yangzhou with my friends.
A. been, gone B. been, been C. gone, been D. gone, gone
3. —Where is your father? We haven’t seen each other for weeks.
—______.
A. He has been to America B. He has gone to England
C. He is going to Australia D. He would visit my grandparents
4. They have ______ since the factory opened.
A. left the school B. joined the team C. become workers D. worked here
5. Jim ______ the Great Wall many times.
A. went to B. goes to C. has gone to D. has been to
6. It ______ ten years since they ______ to France.
A. was, moved B. was, have moved C. is, have moved D. is, moved
7. —______ to the United States?
—No, never, but I ________ to Canada a few years ago.
A. Have you been, went B. Have you gone, went
C. Did you go, have been D. Did you go, have gone
8. I won’t go to see the film tonight because I ______ my ticket.
A. didn’t lose B. have lost C. will lose D. didn’t have
9. Miss Wu has taught in this school ______.
A. for ten years B. ten years ago C. since ten years D. for ten years ago
10. —I ______ today’s homework yet. What about you? —I _______ it just now.
A. haven’t finished, have finished B. didn’t finish, finished
C. haven’t finished, finished D. didn’t finish, have finished
11. —Ann has gone to Shanghai. —So ______ her parents.
A. has B. had C. did D. Have
12. Mother _______me a new coat yesterday. I _______ it on several times. It fits me well.
　　A. had made…have tried 　B. made…have tried C. has made…tried　　D. made…tried
13. —He ____to draw horses already. — When ______ he ? —Last year.
　　A. learned…has 　 B. learned…did 　 C. has learned…has　 D. has learned…did
14.Tom _____up into the tree. Look, he ____ high up there !
　　A. has got…is 　 B. has climbed…was　 C. got …was　　 D. climbed…is
15. ____ you _____ the text yet ? Yes, we ____ it two hours ago.
　　A. Did…copy…did　 B. Have…copied…had C. Have…copied…did D. Did …copy…had
16. —Why ______ she _______ angry ? —Because he _____ at her just now.
　　A. did…get…shouted 　 B. has…got…shouted C. did…get…has shouted 　　D. has…got…has shouted
17. ______you __________ the film before ? Where _____ you ____ it ?
　　A. Have …seen…did…see　　 B. Did …see…did…watch
　　C. Have…seen…have…seen　　 D. Did …see…have…seen
18.You ____ me waiting for two hours. I ____ for you since five.
　　A. kept…waited　　　　B. have kept…waited C. kept…have waited　　　 D. have kept…have waited
19.Where ______ John _______ ? To the library. He _________ there for an hour.
　　A.has…been…has gone　 B. has…gone…has been 　C. did…go…went　 D. did…be…went
20.______ the baby still _____ ? No, it _______ crying.
　　A. Has…cried…has stopped　B. Is…crying…stopped C. Did …cry…stopped 　D. Is…crying…has stopped
21. I _______ the way. I ________ here for quite many years.
　　A. knew…have lived 　 B. knew…live　 C. know…have lived 　 D. know…live
22. _____ you ever _____ America ? Yes, I have.
　　A. Have…gone to 　 B. Have…gone in 　 C. Have…been to 　 D. Have …been in
23. My brother ____college for over three years.
　　A. has gone to　 B. has been to　 C. has been in　 D. has been at
24.He ________ the Army by the end of 1989. He ______ in the army since then.
　　A. joined…is　　 B. has joined…has been 　C. had joined…is　　 D. had joined …has been
25. By the time I _____ back they ____ up ten satellites.
　　A. came…have sent　 B. came…had sent　 C. come…have sent　 D. had come…sent
26. Jack ____ over five lessons by seven o’clock. Then he ____ a rest.
　　A. went…took　 B. went…had taken 　C. had gone…took 　D. had gone…had taken
27. Mr Black ________to China ten years ago. Since then he ________ here.
　　A. came, lived　 　 B. came, has lived　　 C. has come, lived　　 D. has come, has lived
28. We ____________ trees last Sunday. So far we __________ over 3，000 trees there.
 　　A. planted； planted　　B. planted； have planted C. have planted； planted　D. have planted； have planted
三.翻译下列句子
1. 我从来没有听说过他。你是在哪里碰到他的？
__________________________
2. 你到哪儿去了? MissQin刚才到处找你。
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3. 我已经对英语感兴趣了。我一直记得MissQin第一次和我谈话的时候。
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4. 自从他来到我们学校,我们就成了朋友。我们总在一起谈论过去发生在我们身上的事。
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5. —他什么时候来的？ —我记不得了，我只知道他来这儿许多年了。
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6. —那位老太太已经死了两年了。—真的吗？我以为她还活着。
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7. 她曾经去过青岛两次。 她是在1996和2008年去的。
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8. 我有太多作业要做。我是在两小时前开始做的，但还没有做完。
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9. 我叔叔离开上海10天了。他是上星期天离开的。
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10. —你们太迟了，电影已经开始5分钟了。 —对不起。MissQin叫我们帮她做点事。
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11. 那商店已经营业5年了。我昨天还去了那里。
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12. Mary一进大学就入了党，她入党有很多年了了。
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