日本拥有航母“已成公开事实”
2024-04-03 17:43阅读：
自从美国在第二次世界大战结束后开始确保其霸权以来，日本自卫队在规模和活动范围方面一直受到限制。日本的宪法本身就限制其拥有进攻性武器，其中包括航空母舰。尽管不少拥有海上安全既得利益的发达国家都有航空母舰，但日本没有。然而，可以提出一个强有力的论点，即日本所拥有的直升机驱逐舰在功能上基本等同于航空母舰。
“日向”级直升机驱逐舰
21世纪初，日本研制出“日向”级直升机驱逐舰。“日向”号及其姊妹舰“伊势”号下水时，曾是日本海上自卫队半个多世纪以来的最大型驱逐舰。
这两艘驱逐舰装备精良，具有与意大利“朱塞普·加里巴尔迪”号航空母舰和西班牙“阿斯图里亚斯王子”号航空母舰相似的规格。日本的这两艘驱逐舰都装备有用于自卫的密集阵近程防御武器系统以及16单元的垂直发射系统，发射系统装备改进型“海麻雀”导弹。这两艘驱逐舰主要用于反潜行动。
虽然两艘舰艇都无法起降固定翼飞机，但它们的大小和形状与轻型航空母舰非常相似。
“出云”级直升机驱逐舰
“出云”级驱逐舰是在“日向”级驱逐舰之后建造的，比“日向”级驱逐舰更大，据称也是用于反潜作战。“出云”级驱逐舰配备7架反潜直升机和2架搜救直升机。“出云”级驱逐舰有和“日向”级驱逐舰一样的密集阵近程防御武器系统，同时还配备“海拉姆”导弹防御系统。
虽然“出云”级驱逐舰最初只能起降直升机，但许多观察人士指出，这种舰艇可以容纳机身更大的飞机。这一点后来得到了日本自卫队官员的证实——这款舰艇从设计上来说想要确保可以起降美国制造的F-35B“闪电”型联合攻击战斗机，即F-35战斗机的垂直起降机型。
2018年，日本内阁批准了对“出云”号驱逐舰及其姊妹舰“加贺”号直升机驱逐舰的改装，使其能够起降F-35战斗机。虽然有人说，这使得舰艇能够
参与攻击作战行动，因此违反了日本宪法，但日本政府坚持表示，这些舰艇完全用于防御。
日本的秘密航空母舰？
不管日本如何表态，2021年，美国海军陆战队的一架固定翼飞机F-35B战斗机成功地从“出云”号驱逐舰上起飞并降落。虽然为了避免与日本法律发生冲突，这艘舰艇可能仍被称为驱逐舰或直升机航空母舰，但这次成功的测试意味着“出云”号现在就是一艘航空母舰。
随着“出云”号进行改装，还有“加贺”号的改装也接近完成，日本如今在几十年后首次拥有航空母舰。
日本海上自卫队现在有能力在远离日本航空自卫队空中掩护的地方作战，这提供了以前缺失的防御纵深。虽然“出云”号驱逐舰是朝着正确方向迈出的一步，但这些驱逐舰缺乏进攻能力，因此无法与包括美国、英国、中国或俄罗斯在内的其他国家的航空母舰相提并论。
Japan's Secret Aircraft Carriers are Right Out in the
Open
While the Izumo ships initially only embarked helicopters, many
observers noted they could accommodate larger airframes. This was
later confirmed by officials in the Japanese military - the design
was intended to handle the American-made F-35B, the VTOL variant of
the Lightning II.
by Maya Carlin
Ever since the U.S. began assuring its sovereignty at the
conclusion of the Second World War, Japan has been limited in the
size and scope of its military. Their very constitution limits
possession of offensive weapons. One such weapon is the aircraft
carrier. While most developed nations with naval presences and a
vested interest in maritime security have aircraft carriers, Japan
does not. There is a strong argument to be made, however, that
Tokyo’s helicopter destroyers are functionally the same.
In the early 2000s, Japan’s Maritime Self-Defense Force developed
the Hyuga-class helicopter destroyer. The Hyuga and her sister-ship
Ise represented the largest ships built for the Japanese navy in
over half a century when they were introduced.
These destroyers are well-equipped and possess similar
specifications as the Italian Giuseppe Garibaldi and Spanish
Principe de Asturias light aircraft carriers. Both warships are
armed with a Phalanx close-in weapon system (CIWS) for self-defense
and with a 16-cell VLS sporting the Evolved Sea Sparrow Missile
surface-to-air missile. The two ships are primarily used in
anti-submarine (ASW) activities.
While neither embarks fixed wing aircraft, their size and shape
closely resemble light aircraft carriers.
Izumo-class destroyer:
The Izumo-class ships were planned following their Hyuga
predecessors and are even larger in size, They too, were announced
as being intended for anti-submarine operations with seven ASW
helicopters and two search and rescue helicopters. They bear the
same CIWS defense system as the Hyugas while also possessing a
SeaRAM missile system.
While the Izumo ships initially only embarked helicopters, many
observers noted they could accommodate larger airframes. This was
later confirmed by officials in the Japanese military - the design
was intended to handle the American-made F-35B, the VTOL variant of
the Lightning II.
In 2018, the Japanese cabinet approved modifications to enable the
Izumo and her sister ship Kaga to operate with the F-35. While some
say this makes them capable of offensive operations thus violating
the Japanese Constitution, the Japanese government maintains that
they are strictly for defensive purposes.
Japan's Secret Aircraft Carriers?
Regardless of any statements, in 2021 a fixed-wing F-35B operated
by the U.S. Marine Corps successfully took off from and landed on
the JS Izumo. While she may still be called a destroyer or
helicopter carrier to avoid running afoul of Japanese law, this
successful test for all intents and purposes means she is now an
aircraft carrier.
With modifications on the Izumo underway and those on the Kaga
nearly complete, Japan now possesses its first aircraft carriers in
decades.
The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force is now capable of operating
far from the air cover of the Japan Air Self-Defense Force, which
provides a defensive depth previously missing. While the Izumo
ships are a step in the right direction, these destroyers lack
offensive capabilities and therefore cannot be adequately compared
to other carriers including in the U.S., UK, China or Russia.
