Science最新发布:全世界最前沿的125个科学问题
2023-01-05 08:08阅读:
Science最新发布:全世界最前沿的125个科学问题!
2005年,在庆祝创刊125周年之际,Science公布了125个最具挑战性的科学问题。对指引近十几年的科学发展产生积极影响,详见:
16年之后的2021年,随着科学的不断突破,许多问题得到一定程度的解答,一些问题也更加深入。近日,上海交通大学携手Science杂志发布了“新125个科学问题”——《125个科学问题:探索与发现》。
此次发布的问题包括数学、化学、医学与健康、生命科学、天文学、物
理学、信息科学、工程与材料科学、神经科学、生态学、能源科学与人工智能等领域
。除了“物质的起源是什么”“黎曼猜想是真的吗”“地球上有多少物种”等科学家始终在追问的问题,还有一些有趣的问题也将带来面向人类未来的科学探究,例如:为什么我们会坠入爱河?人类有一天会不得不离开地球吗?人类为什么会对猫狗如此着迷?
此次125个科学问题《科学》杂志专刊作为交大建校125周年纪念活动之一,问题征集结合国际前沿、全球共需、科学发展,聚焦前瞻重大科学问题,面向科学家、学生、社会征集。世界顶尖科学家协会也发挥资源优势,邀请诺贝尔奖、沃尔夫奖、拉斯克奖、图灵奖、麦克阿瑟天才奖等世界“最强大脑”共同参与,共同讨论人类当前与未来面对的科学问题。
SJTU & Science 125个科学问题
Mathematical Sciences
数学 3
- What makes prime numbers so
special?什么使素数如此特别?
- Will the Navier–Stokes
problem ever be solved?纳维尔-斯托克斯问题会得到解决吗?
- Is the Riemann hypothesis
true?黎曼猜想是真的吗?
Chemistry化学
9
- Are there more color
pigments to discover?还有更多色彩元素可发现吗?
- Will the periodic table
ever be complete?元素周期表会完整吗?
- How can we measure
interface phenomena on the microscopic
level?如何在微观层面测量界面现象?
- What is the future for
energy storage?能量存储的未来是怎样的?
- Why does life require
chirality?为什么生命需要手性?
生命体(包括人类)需要手性(chirality)是因为生命体的生化反应中参与的大多数分子都是手性分子。手性分子是指具有不对称的三维构型的分子,可以分为左旋分子和右旋分子。由于手性分子的结构不对称,它们在某些反应中只能和另一种手性分子结合,这是生命体生化反应的关键。例如,人类的DNA是左旋的,而蛋白质是右旋的。如果没有手性分子,生命体的生化反应就无法进行,也就无法满足生命的需要。
- How can we better manage
the world's plastic waste?我们如何更好地管理世界上的塑料废物?
- Will AI
redefine the future of
chemistry?AI会重新定义化学的未来吗?
- How can matter be
programmed into living materials?物质如何被编码而成为生命材料?
- What drives reproduction in
living systems?是什么驱动生命系统的复制?
Medicine &
Health医学与健康11
- Can we predict the
next
pandemic?我们可以预测下一次流行病吗?
- Will we ever find a
cure for the common
cold?我们会找到治疗感冒的方法吗?
- Can we design and
manufacture medicines customized for individual
people?我们可以设计和制造出为个人定制的药物吗?
- Can a human tissue or organ
be fully regenerated?人体组织或器官可以完全再生吗?
- How is immune homeostasis
maintained and regulated?如何维持和调节免疫稳态?
- Is there a scientific basis
to the Meridian System in traditional Chinese
medicine?中医的经络系统有科学依据吗?
- How will the next
generation of vaccines be made?下一代疫苗将如何生产?
- Can we ever overcome
antibiotic resistance?我们能否克服抗生素耐药性?
- What is the etiology of
autism?自闭症的病因是什么?
- What role does our
microbiome play in health and
disease?我们的微生物组在健康和疾病中扮演什么角色?
- Can xenotransplantation
solve the shortage of donor
organs?异种移植能否解决供体器官的短缺问题?
Biology生命科学
22
- What could help
conservation of the oceans?什么可以帮助保护海洋?
- Can we stop ourselves from
aging?我们可以阻止自己衰老吗?
- Why can only some
cells become other
cells?为什么只有一些细胞会变成其他细胞?
- Why are some genomes so big
and others very small?为什么有些基因组非常大而另一些却很小?
- Will it be possible to cure
all cancers?有可能治愈所有癌症吗?
- What genes make us uniquely
human?哪些基因使我们人类与众不同?
- How do migratory animals
know where they're
going?迁徙动物如何知道它们要去哪里?
- How many species are there
on Earth?地球上有多少物种?
- How do organisms
evolve?有机体是如何进化的?
- Why did dinosaurs grow to
be so big?为什么恐龙长得如此之大?
- Did ancient humans
interbreed with other human-like
ancestors?远古人类是否曾与其他类人祖先杂交?
- Why do humans get so
attached to dogs and
cats?人类为什么会对猫狗如此着迷?
- Will the world's population
keep growing indefinitely?世界人口会无限增长吗?
- Why do we stop
growing?我们为什么会停止生长?
- Is de-extinction
possible?能否复活灭绝生物?
- Can humans
hibernate?人类可以冬眠吗?
- Where do human emotions
originate?人类的情感源于何处?
- Will humans look physically
different in the future?未来人类的外貌会有所不同吗?
- Why were there species
explosions and mass extinction?为什么会发生物种大爆发和大灭绝?
- How might genome editing be
used to cure
disease?基因组编辑将如何用于治疗疾病?
- Can a cell be artificially
synthesized?可以人工合成细胞吗?
- How are biomolecules
organized in cells to function orderly and
effectively?细胞内的生物分子是如何组织从而有序有效发挥作用的?
Astronomy天文学
23
- How many dimensions are
there in
space?空间中有多少个维度?
- What is the shape of the
universe?宇宙的形状是怎样的?
- Where did the big bang
start?大爆炸从何处开始?
- Why don't the orbits of
planets decay and cause them to crash into each
other?为什么行星的轨道不衰减并导致它们相互碰撞?
- When will the universe die?
Will it continue to expand?宇宙何时消亡?它会继续膨胀吗?
- Is it possible to live
permanently on another planet?我们有可能在另一个星球上长期居住吗?
- Why do black holes
exist?为什么存在黑洞?
- What is the universe made
of?宇宙是由什么构成的?
- Are we alone in the
universe?我们是宇宙中唯一的生命体吗?
- What is the origin of
cosmic rays?宇宙射线的起源是什么?
- What is the origin of
mass?物质的起源是什么?
- What is the smallest scale
of
space-time?时空的最小尺度是是多少?
- Is water necessary for all
life in the universe, or just on
Earth?水是宇宙中所有生命所必需的么,还是仅对地球生命?
- What is preventing humans
from carrying out deep-space
exploration?是什么阻止了人类进行深空探测?
- Is Einstein's general
theory of relativity correct?爱因斯坦的广义相对论是正确的吗?
- How are pulsars
formed?脉冲星是如何形成的?
- Is our Milky Way Galaxy
special?我们的银河系特别吗?
- What is the volume,
composition, and significance of the deep
biosphere?深层生物圈的规模、组成和意义是什么?
- Will humans one day have to
leave the planet (or die
trying)?人类有一天会不得不离开地球吗(还是会在尝试中死去)?
- Where do the heavy elements
in the universe come
from?宇宙中的重元素来自何处?
- Is it possible to
understand the structure of compact stars and
matter?有可能了解致密恒星和物质的结构吗?
- What is the origin of the
high-energy cosmic neutrinos?高能宇宙中微子的起源是什么?
- What is
gravity?什么是重力?
Physics物理学
18
- Is there a diffraction
limit?有衍射极限吗?
- What is the microscopic
mechanism for high-temperature
superconductivity?高温超导的微观机理是什么?
- What are the limits of heat
transfer in matter?物质传热的极限是什么?
- What are the fundamental
principles of collective motion?集体运动的基本原理是什么?
- What are the smallest
building blocks of
matter?什么是物质的最小组成部分?
- Will we ever travel at the
speed of light?我们会以光速行驶吗?
- What is quantum uncertainty
and why is it important?什么是量子不确定性,为什么它很重要?
- Will there ever be a
'theory of everything'?会有“万有理论”吗?
- Why does time seem to flow
in only one direction?为什么时间似乎只朝一个方向流动?
- What is dark
matter?什么是暗物质?
- Can we make a real,
human-size invisibility cloak?我们可以制作出真人大小的隐形斗篷吗?
- Are there any particles
that behave oppositely to the properties or states of
photons?
是否存在与光子性质或状态相反的粒子?
- Will the Bose-Einstein
condensate be widely used in the
future?玻色-爱因斯坦冷凝体未来会被广泛使用吗?
- Can humans make intense
lasers with incoherence comparable to
sunlight?人类能制造出与太阳光相似的非相干强激光吗?
- What is the maximum speed
to which we can accelerate a
particle?我们最多可以将粒子加速到多快?
- Is quantum many-body
entanglement more fundamental than quantum
fields?量子多体纠缠比量子场更基本吗?
- What is
the optimum hardware for quantum
computers?量子计算机的最佳硬件是什么?
- Can we accurately simulate
the macro- and microworld?我们可以精确模拟宏观和微观世界吗?
Information Science信息科学
4
- Is there an upper limit to
computer processing
speed?计算机处理速度是否有上限?
- Can AI replace a
doctor?AI可以代替医生吗?
- Can topological quantum
computing be realized?拓扑量子计算可以实现吗?
- Can DNA act as an
information storage medium?DNA可以用作信息存储介质吗?
Engineering & Material
Science工程与材料科学
- What is the ultimate
statistical invariances of
turbulence?湍流的最终统计不变性是什么?
- How can we break the
current limit of energy conversion
efficiencies?我们如何突破当前的能量转换效率极限?
- How can we develop
manufacturing systems on Mars?我们如何在火星上开发制造系统?
- Is a
future of only self-driving cars
realistic?纯无人驾驶汽车的未来是否现实?
Neuroscience神经科学
12
- What are the coding
principles embedded in neuronal spike
trains?神经元放电序列的编码准则是什么?
- Where does consciousness
lie?意识存在于何处?
- Can human memory be stored,
manipulated, and transplanted
digitally?能否数字化地存储、操控和移植人类记忆?
- Why do we need
sleep?为什么我们需要睡眠?
- What is addiction and how
does it work?什么是成瘾?
- Why do we fall in
love?为什么我们会坠入爱河?
- How did speech evolve and
what parts of the brain control
it?言语如何演变形成,大脑的哪些部分对其进行控制?
- How smart are nonhuman
animals?除人类以外的其他动物有多聪明?
- Why are most people
right-handed?为什么大多数人都是右撇子?
- Can we cure
neurodegenerative diseases?我们可以治愈神经退行性疾病吗?
- Is it possible to predict
the future?有可能预知未来吗?
- Can we more effectively
diagnose and treat complex mental
disorders?精神障碍能否有效诊断和治疗?
Ecology生态学
8
- Can we stop global climate
change?我们可以阻止全球气候变化吗?
- Where do we put all the
excess carbon
dioxide?我们能把过量的二氧化碳存到何处?
- What creates the Earth's
magnetic field (and why does it
move)?是什么创造了地球的磁场(为什么它会移动)?
- Will we be able to predict
catastrophic weather events (tsunami, hurricanes, earthquakes) more
accurately?我们是否能够更准确地预测灾害性事件(海啸、飓风、地震)?
- What happens if all the ice
on the planet melts?如果地球上所有的冰融化会怎样?
- Can we create an
environmentally friendly replacement for
plastics?我们可以创造一种环保的塑料替代品吗?
- Can we achieve a situation
where essentially every material can be recycled and
reused?几乎所有材料都可以回收再利用是否可以实现?
- Will we soon see the end of
monocultures like wheat, maize, rice, and
soy?我们会很快看到小麦、玉米、大米和大豆等单一作物的终结吗?
Energy Science能源科学
3
- Could we live in a
fossil-fuel-free
world?我们可以生活在一个去化石燃料的世界中吗?
- What is the future of
hydrogen energy?氢能的未来是怎样的?
- Will cold fusion ever be
possible?冷聚变有可能实现吗?
Artificial Intelligence人工智能
5
- Will injectable,
disease-fighting nanobots ever be a
reality?可注射的抗病纳米机器人会成为现实吗?
- Will it be possible to
create sentient
robots?是否有可能创建有感知力的机器人?
- Is there a limit to human
intelligence?人类智力是否有极限?
- Will artificial
intelligence replace
humans?人工智能会取代人类吗?
- How does group intelligence
emerge?群体智能是如何出现的?
- Can robots or AIs have
human creativity?机器人或 AI 可以具有人类创造力吗?
- Can quantum artificial
intelligence imitate the human
brain?量子人工智能可以模仿人脑吗?
- Could we integrate with
computers to form a human-machine hybrid
species?我们可以和计算机结合以形成人机混合物种吗?