法律英语中不能替代的单词和词组
2013-11-07 16:00阅读：
不能替换的单词或词组
法律英语结构严谨，用词考究，逻辑严密，文体较其它体裁更为正式、刻板，较多地使用被动语态，这是由于法律本身的特质决定的。由于法律英语问题的庄重性，法律文书在单词选择上也有意选择一些非常正式的单词或词组进行表达，这些词在日常用语中很少使用，但在法律英语中出现频率非常高，且不能被普通英语中意思相同的词或词组代替。下面对我们在法律文书中经常遇到或使用的一些正式表达进行分析和比较。
As of since
分析：as
of和since在意义上没有什么区别，都表示从…….开始（表示时间），但法律英语中常常使用前者，即as
of，很少或基本不用since。如：
As of September 11, Beijing will upgrade or ban more than 92,100
vehicles which failed to meet the city's emission standard.
从9月11日起，北京准备改善92100多不符合该市排放标准的车辆或对其予以禁止。
This contract shall take effect as of the said date in the first
page hereof
本合同从自第一页载明的日期起生效。
Commence start
分析：commence
和start，都是动词，表示“开始”，但前者比后者更为正式，因此，在法律英语中也总是被选用。如
In any situation whatsoever and wheresoever occurring and whether
existing or anticipated before commencement of or during the
voyage, which in the judgment of the Carrier or the Master is
likely to give rise to risk of capture, seizure, detention, damage,
delay or disadvantage to or loss of the ship or any part of her
cargo, or to make it unsafe, imprudent, or unlawful for any reason
to commence or proceed on or continue the voyage or to enter or
discharge the goods at the port of discharge, or to give rise to
delay or difficulty in arriving, discharging at or leaving the port
of discharge or the usual or agreed place of discharge in such
port, the Carrier may before loading or before the commencement of
the voyage, require the shipper or other person entitled thereto to
take delivery of the goods at port of shipment and upon failure to
do so, may warehouse the goods at the risk and expense of the
goods； or the Carrier or the Master,
whether or not proceeding toward or entering or attempting to enter
the port of discharge or reaching or attempting to reach the usual
place of discharge therein or attempting to discharge the goods
there, may discharge the goods into depot, lazaretto, craft, or
other
place.
不论任何地方任何情况，不论是在开航前或航程中存在或预料到的，只要承运人或船长认为可能有导致捕获、扣押、没收、损害、延误或对船舶或其货物不利或产生灭失，或致使起航或续航或进港或在卸货港卸货不安全、不适当、或非法，或致使延误或难于抵达、卸载或离开卸货港或该港通常或约定的卸货地，承运人可在装货或开航前要求发货人或与货物权利有关的其他人在装货港口提回货物，如要求不果，可仓储货物，风险和费用算在货主头上；承运人或船长，不论是续航至或进入或企图进入卸货港，或抵达或企图抵达港口通常的卸货地，或企图在此卸货，也可将货物卸在仓库、检疫站、驳船，或其他地方。
Comply with abide by
observe
分析：用来表示遵守的词和词组很多，我们大致列举出像follow,
observe, abide by, comply
with等。在前面这些词和词语中，comply
with是最正式的一个表达，因此，也常常在法律英语中使用。从语法上来说，comply
with 的主语通常是物，而其他几个单词或词组的主语通常为人。如
The factory was closed for failing to comply with government safety
regulations. 工厂由于未能遵守政府的安全条例而被关闭了。
Failure to comply with the regulations can result in a six month
prison sentence.
如果不能遵从这些规则，可能会被判以6个月监禁。
Deem
believe
分析：deem和believe都是“相信、视为”的意思，其中，deem是法律英语中常用的单词，且经常用作被动形式，即be
deemed to do，如：
Silence or failure to give prompt notice of Party A within a
reasonable period of time shall be deemed to be the consent of
party A to the extension of the contract.
甲方在合理期间内保持沉默或没有及时发出通知，视为甲方同意对本合同的延续。
Determine
decide
分析：在作为“决定、确认”理解时，determine较decide更为正式，因此，法律英语中选用determine而不是decide来表达该含义。如
Where the price of the goods is not speicified in the contract, it
shall be determined with reference to the fair market value of the
similar commodity.
合同中没有明确货物价格的，应当根据类似商品的公平市场价格进行确定。
注意：decide也是法律英语中的一个单词，但一般表示决定或确定，而是判决、裁决。如：
The court decided that the litigatin fee shall be borne by the
losing party. 法官判决，诉讼费用由败诉方承担。
Due to because of
分析：due to
和because of
无论是在含义、词组结构还是用法上都是相同的，但due to
比because of
更为正式，因此，在法律英语中经常使用，且不能用because of
替换，如：
The contract was terminated due to changes in such unforeseeable
circumstances as production and management conditions.
合同因生产经营条件变化等不可预见的情况而解除。
Elect
choose
分析：elect和choose都有“选择”的意思，但elect比choose含义更加庄重，因此，在合同等法律文件中，用elect来表示“选择”，而不用choose。
Exclusive of
excluding
分析：两个词组/单词都是由动词exclude衍变过来的，都是“不包括”的意思，作为法律英语中的常用语，我们通常选用exclusive
of，而不是excluding，如
All Rates quoted herein are exclusive of tax and service
charge 本报价中的所有费用均不包括税收和服务费。
However
but
分析：however和but都是表示转折意义的单词，由于法律英语文体的庄重性，诸如if，but等单词在起草法律文书的过程中基本不用，而用意思相同但表达更为正式的however,
provided that等。如：
Without probable cause, a police officer cannot search other
persons who happen to be present at the scene of a search. However,
if an officer has reason to suspect that an onlooker is also
engaged in criminal activity, the officer might be able to 'frisk'
the onlooker for
weapons.警察没有正当理由不能对碰巧出现在搜查现场的人进行搜查。但是，如果警察有理由怀疑旁观者也参与了犯罪行为，则可以对其是否携带武器进行拍身搜查。
In accordance with according
to
分析：两个词组都是从动词accord（如何）变化而来，而且意思也完全一样。但由于in
accordance with 比according
to用法更为正式，所以，在法律英语中用in accordance
with，而不是according
to，但可以用其他用法同样正式的词组如pursuant to, in
pursuance with或as
per替换。如：
A contract made in PRC may not be performed in accordance/pursuance
with its related laws and regulations.
在中华人民共和国订立的合同不一定根据中华人民共和国的相关法律法规进行履行。
Intend to wish to
分析：intend
to 和wish
to都可以表示希望或打算做什么事情，其中，wish to
经常用在口语花的表达中，如I wish to see you next
year.而且，wish
还通常表示一个不太可能实现的愿望，因此，法律英语中不用wish来表示要做某事，而采用intend
to do结构。如：
Where the parties do not intend to be bound until a formal contract
is prepared and signed, there is no contract, and the circumstance
that the parties do intend a formal contract to be drawn up is
strong evidence to show that-they did not intend the previous
negotiations to amount to an agreement.
如果在准备和签署正式合同以前，各方不愿意受到约束，则双方之间不存在合同关系。双方希望订立正式合同的情况是表明他们不希望把之前的磋商当做协议的有力证据。
In the event/in case that if
分析：in
case/the event that 和if
都表示假设“如果”，但前者在法律英语尤其在法律文件如法律法规、合同中经常使用，if则更多的是出现在法学论著等非正式的法律文件中。如：
During the term of this contract, in case that the borrower changes
the pattern of management or the ownership construction by the
means of contracting, leasing, pooling, transforming to stock
company, establishing joint venture, separating, merger, foreign
investment, transferring of ownership, resolving or any other
action, the borrower shall seek the lender's consent and ascertain
the new source of repayment or provide new
security.
合同期间，如果借方希望通过协议、租赁、联营、变更为股份有限责任公司、组建合资企业、分立、合并、对外投资、所有权转让、解散或其他行为改变经营方式或所有权结构，借方应当取得贷方的同意，并确定新的还款渠道或提供新的担保。
Interim
temporary
分析：两个含义都表示临时的、暂时的，但法律英语中一般用前者，即interim表示，而不用后者，如Shareholders’
Meetings shall consist of regular meetings and interim meetings.
Regular Shareholders’ Meetings shall be convened once a
year. 股东大会包括定期会议和临时会议，定期会议应当每年召开一次。
Notwithstanding
though/although
分析：两者都表示尽管，用法与in the
event that
和if类似，前者在法律英语尤其在法律文件如法律法规、合同中经常使用，后者则更多的是出现在法学论著等非正式的法律文件中。如：
Notwithstanding anything to the contrary set forth above, the
Purchaser may deem that the Contract has been made and entered into
if the Seller has started manufacturing of the Goods, delivery of
any part of the Goods, or otherwise initiated the performance of
any part of the Seller's obligations under the purchase
order.
尽管有前述相反之规定，如卖方已开始此订单项下货物的生产、发送货物的任一部分或开始履行卖方义务的任一部分，则买方可视为合同已签订。
本文转载自毓秀法英http://xzfy2010.fyfz.cn/b/737979
