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英语语法--状语从句

2016-08-11 09:17阅读：

http://blog.sina.cn/dpool/blog/u/3941800701

（三）状语从句
 在主句中担任状语的从句，叫做状语语从句（Adverbial Clause）；它是由从属连词将几个分句连接起来，来表达分句之间特定的逻辑关系。
状语从句的引导词主要有：
副词从句种类
 常用连词
 特殊连词
时间状语从句
1.
一些时间名词：一些副词：instantly, immediately, directly
 2.
 固定搭配的连词：no sooner…than, hardly…when, scarcely…when
地点状语从句
wherever, anywhere, everywhere
原因状语从句
seeing that, considering that, now that, given that, in that, in as much as, in so much as
目的状语从句
lest, for fear that, in case, in the hope that, on purpose that, for the purpose that, to the end that
结果状语从句
such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that, to such an extent that
条件状语从句
suppose, supposing, providing, provided, on condition that, so long as, as long as
让步状语从句
while, as（用于倒装结构）, whether…or,
wh-ever: whatever, whoever, whichever, however, whenever, wherever
as + adj. + as +主谓结构（用在句首）
比较状语从句
the more…,the more…; just as…,so…; A is to B what/as C is to D; no more…than; not A so much as B / not so much A as B
方式状语从句



一）时间状语从句
 据主句和从句的时间关系，时间状语从句可分为主句和从句同时发生，主句发生在从句之前，主句发生在从句之后和主句在从句之后立刻发生四种情形。
1.
 主句和从句同时发生，由when, whenever（每当）, while , as（常用语口语，强调同一时间）等引导，意为“当……时候”。
 1）when表一个特定时间（at that time），从句可置于主句之前或之后。
 例如：
 When he was still a young man, he was forced to leave his homeland for political reasons.
 You are using energy even when you are asleep.
(1) when引导的从句可用一般现在时表将来。例如：
 See you when I get back.
(2) 在从句中如用现在完成时则表示将来的过去，即主句从句均为将来，但从句发生在将来之前。
 例如：When you have finished, please fold the map and out it away.
(3) 如从句用过去完成时，则主句用一般过去时。
 例如：When she had finished listening to the news, she turned off the radio.
(4) 考研真题分析：
 Hardly had he begun to speak whenthe audience interrupted him. (1991)
Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true when it comes to classroom tests. (1998)
On a rainy day I was driving north through Vermont whenI noticed a young man holding up a sign reading “Boston”. (2000)
2）while表一段时间（during that time），从句可置于主句之前或之后。
(1) while所引导的从句常用延续性动词的进行时态。
 例如：
 I hurt it while I was doing gym.
(2) while所引导的从句常与系动词be连用表状态。
 例如：
 Your friends are coming to stay in your house for one week while you and your family are away on holiday.
(3) 考研真题分析：
 The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive whileavoiding market cycles and the growing burdens imposed by employment rules, healthcare costs and pension plans. （1997）
 A. but
B. while
C. and
D. whereas
2.
 主句发生在从句之前，常用before, until, till引导，意为“在……之前”。 从句可置于主句之前或之后。
 1）
before的翻译——不要千篇一律翻译为“在……之前”
 例如：
 It took a few months of investigation before it became clear.

The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before realized how diverse languages could be.
2）
until，till意为“直到……时候”；从句通常置于主句之后。until前的主句谓语必须是延续性的；其后的从句谓语必须是短暂动词或接时间点。若主句谓语动词是短暂动词，则要用否定形式。故有“not…until…”：“直到……才……”的结构。
 例如：
 Until recentlymost historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. (1998)
It was not untilthe 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electric medium. (2002)
3.
 主句发生在从句之后，由after，since引导，意为“在……之后”。
 例如：
 Since I was a child I have lived in England.
4.
 主句在从句之后立刻发生, 由once，immediately（that），as soon as引导，意为“刚刚，一……就……”。
 例如：
 I have decided that once I return to England I shall make no more long expeditions.
I will ring you as soon as I have any more information.
二）地点状语从句
地点状语从句一般由where，wherever，anywhere，everywhere等引导，从句可置于主句之前或之后，意为“在……地方，无论在……地方”。
 例如：
 Stay where you are.
Wherever he happens to be, Clint can make himself at home.
Everywhere they appeared, there were troubles.
三）原因状语从句
 原因状语从句由because, as, since, for等引导，从句可置于主句之前或之后，意为“因为，由于”。
 1.
because语气最强，只有它能用来回答why的问句，引出的往往是听话人不知道的或最感兴趣的原因。
 例如：
 They make fun of me because I am shorter than anyone else.
2.
since通常置于句首，引出人们已知的不需要强调的原因，译为“既然”。
 例如：
 Since we do not have class tomorrow, why not go out for a picnic?
3.
as与since用法差不多。
 例如：
 Wear strong shoes as we shall do a lot of walking.
4.
for表推断的理由，是对前面分句的内容加以解释说明。
 例如：
 It rained last night, for the ground is wet this morning.
5.
其他复合连词表示原因：in that, seeing that, now that, considering that, given that意为“鉴于……，考虑到……”
 例如：
 Vitamins are different in that their elements are arranged differently. （1996）
Given/Seeing/Now that they are inexperienced, they have done a good job.
They did the job very well, considering that they had no experience.
四）目的状语从句
 目的状语从句主要由so that, in order that, that引导，意为“为了，以便”。从句通常置于主句之后。由于目的状语从句所表达的是一种尚未实现的愿望，因此，从句中要求有一个情态动词can/could, may/might, shall/should, will/would等。
 例如：
 Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm “have a duty to die and get out of the way so thatyounger, healthier people can realize their potential. (2003)
其它引导词：lest, for fear(that), in case, 译为“以免，以防止，生怕”；in the hope that, on purpose that, for the purpose that, to the end that等来表目的，从句谓语动词一般用should加动词原形。
 例如：
 They (scientists) should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. (2003)
五）结果状语从句
 结果状语从句常由so（… ）that （so后面接形容词、分词或副词）, such（…）that（such后接名词）, with the result that引导，从句只可置于主句之后。
 例如：
 He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true. (1999)
Historians, especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of “tunnel method”, frequently fall victim to the “technicist fallacy”.
And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder----kitchen rage. (2001)
Native American languages are indeed different, so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World WarⅡ
to send secret messages. (2004)
Diplomats and crabs are creatures that move in such a way that it is impossible to tell whether they are coming or going.
His anger was such that he lost control of himself. = His anger was so explosive that he lost control of himself.
注：
 以上句型中，为了强调，还可将主句中的so或such置于句首构成倒装句。
 例如：
 So involved with their computers ________ that leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games.
 A. became the children
B. become the children
C. had the children become
D. do the children become

其它引导词：to the degree (that), to the extent (that), to such a degree (that), to such an extent (that)等。当它们位于句首表强调时，主句需倒装。
 例如：
 “Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering,” to the extent that it constitutes “systematic patient abuse.” (2002)
To such an extent did his health deteriorate that he was forced to retire.
六）条件状语从句
 这里只分析真实条件句，非真实条件句将在以后的虚拟语气考点中讲解。
1. 条件状语从句由if（如果，倘若）, unless（除非）, as long as（只要）, so long as（只要）等引导，从句可置于主句之前或之后。
 例如：
 If you are waiting for a bus, everyone stands in a queue.
 Do not lend books to friends unless you can be sure of getting them back.
 So/As long as you work hard enough, an iron rod can be ground into a neddle.
2. 比较only if（只有）与if only（只要）
 例如：
 The senior librarian at the circulation desk promised to get the book for me if only she could remember who last borrowed it. (1996)
 He can continue to support himself and his family only if he produces a surplus.

3.
must / will have to do…if…be to do结构——如果（从句）一定得怎么样，那么（主句）也必须得怎么样。
 例如：
 The first two must beequal for all who are being compared, if any comparison in terms of intelligence is to be made. (1992)
 If it doesn’t rain within the next few weeks, the crops will have to be watered if they are to survive.


4. 其它引导词：suppose（that）, supposing（that）, providing（that）, provided（that）,on condition that等。
 例如:
You can arrive in Beijing earlier for the meeting provided (that)you don’t mind taking the night train. (1992)
 Suppose nothing happens to you.
5. 其它表示条件意味的句型：
 1）祈使句/省略句+and…=if从句+主句
 例如：
 Talk to anyone in the drug industry, and you’ll soon discover that the science of genetics is the biggest thing to hit drug research since penicillin was discovered.

2）祈使句/省略句+or/or else=unless从句+主句
 例如：
 Give it back to me or (else) I’ll tell your parents. = Unless you give it back to me, I’ll tell your parents.
七）让步状语从句
 让步状语从句主要由although, though, if, even if, even though, while等引导，主句前不可用but，但可用still/yet。
 例如：
 Although he tried hard, (yet/still) he failed.
 The engineers are going through with their highway project, even though the expenses have risen. (1992)
 All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, although a direct causal relationship has not yet been established. (2004)
 所有这些条件都会增加青少年犯罪的可能性，虽然其中的直接因果关系尚未证实。

1. 表示让步转折关系的介词：despite, in spite of, for all, notwithstanding。
 注：这些介词后加名词，不接从句。
 例如:
Despite what he achieved in medicine, he remained modest.
2. 表示让步转折关系的副词：however, nevertheless, nonetheless, though（还可用作副词“不过，然而”）等。
 例如：
 This view, however, is generally thought to be wrong.
 Getting enough vitamins is essential to life, although the body has no nutritional use for excess vitamins. Many people, nevertheless,believe in being on the “safe side” and thus take extra vitamins. (1996)

3. 置于句首的“while”一般表示“尽管……”
 例如：
 I have excluded him because, whilehis accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems.

4. no matter wh-
 No matter +what, who, when, which, where, how可代替whatever, whover, whenever, whichever, wherever, however来引导让步状语从句，表示“无论……”。
注：
 除however后加形容词或副词外，其它都可单独使用。
 例如：
 There are over 100 night schools in the city, making it possible for a professional to be reeducated no matter what he does. (1998)
 But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us. (2000)


5. as引导的倒装句表让步
 as引导的倒装句结构：adj./adv./分词/名词（无冠词）/短语+as+主语+谓语
 例如：
 Young as he is, he is brave.
 Much as I respect him, I can not agree with him.
 Again as he failed in doing this experiment, he didn’t lose his heart.
另外，可把动词原形置于句首，即：v. +as+主语+助动词(may/might, will/would, can/could, do/does/did)。
 例如：
 Lose money as I did, I got a lot of experience.

6. as/so+形容词+as+主谓结构，放在句首，表示让步
 例如：
 As much as John hates to do it, he must stay at home and study tonight.

7. be的倒装句表示让步
 例如：
 Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, be they Christian, Islamic, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on. (2002)
八）比较状语从句
 1. as引导的比较状语从句
 1）as+形容词/副词+as
 例如：
 I find records are often as good as, if not better than, an actual performance.
2）as+形容词+a（n）+可数名词单数+as
 例如：
 His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision. (2006)
2. than引导的比较状语从句中为了保持句子平衡，从句可全部或部分倒装，即than+助动词+主语
 例如：
 Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics “have higher rates of intermarriagethan do US-born whites and blacks. (2006)

3. the more…the more…
 例如：
 The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better offyou are going to be. (2001)

4．（just）as…, so…（正如……，所以……）
 例如：
 Just as the soil is a part of the earth, so is the atmosphere.
注：so引导的分句要用倒装结构。
As you sow, so will you reap.

5. no more…than/not …any more than（“同……一样不”/“……不能……，就如同（than从句）……不能……一样”/“正如（than从句）……不能……，所以，……同样不能……”
 例如：
 But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. (2006)
 The heart is no more intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain.（1994）（同样不……）
6. not…so much as…
 基本句型有：
例如：
 It wasn’t so much that I disliked her as that I just wasn’t interested in the whole business. (2000)
九）比方式状语从句
 方式状语从句由as, like, as if, as though, the way等引导。
 例如：
 When in Rome, do as the Romans do.
Dance like nobody is watching.
 He looks as if / as though he is an actor.
 Do it the way you were taught.
状语从句部分练习
 1. It was not ____ he took off his dark glass ____ I realized who he was.
A. when; that B. until; when
C. when; then D. until; that
2. ____ he is very good at numbers.
A. As he is a small boy B. A small boy he is
C. A small boy as he is D. Small boy as he is
 3. ____ Newton started to do experiments, he forgot about the time.
A. When B. Once
C. If D. As
4. ____ hard I tried, I still couldn’t manage it.
A. No matter B. However
C. Although D. Though
5. We young people should go ____ the Party wands us to.
A. no matter where B. to the place
C. to any place D. wherever
6. Make a mark ____ you have any questions.
A. which B. in which
C. what D. where
7. ____ time went on, the weather got colder and colder.
A. With B. Since
C. While D. As
8. Sorry I haven’t been able to do ____ I should.
A. as many as B. as much as
C. as far as D. more than
9. You’ve done much better ____ expected.
A. as B. than
C. more than D. such as
10. Everything returned to normal ____ nothing had happened.
A. as if B. because
C. when D. for
11. Take an umbrella with you ____ it should rain.
A. in no case B. in the case
C. in case of D. in case
12. So ____ that no one could catch up with him.
A. did he run quickly B. he ran quickly C. quickly did he run D. quickly he ran
13. ____ we had to walk home.
A. There being no buses B. Being no buses
C. As there were no buses D. There were no buses
14. Hardly ____ come into the room ____ the meeting began.
A. had they; when B. they had; when
C. did they; than D. they did; then
15. I wrote down his name and address ____ I should forget it.
A. in order that B. for fear that
C. so that D. since

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