定语从句，虚拟语气

2014-03-31 12:56阅读：

http://blog.sina.cn/dpool/blog/u/3978690952

定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。
关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。
关系副词有：when, where, why等。关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句的区别：

限定性	非限定性
和先行词关系密切（删掉后影响整个意义的表达）	与先行词关系不密切（是一种补充说明，删掉后不影响整个意义的表达）
不用逗号隔开	一般使用逗号隔开
可用关系代词that

不可用关系代词that

可以省略（that who which在从句中担任宾语时可以省略）	不可以省略
可以替代（whom作宾语时，可用who或 that替代）	不能替代
读时不停顿	读时停顿，用降调
只可以修饰先行词，不可以修饰主句或主句的一部分	修饰整个主句或主句的一部分，此时定有逗号隔开,只能由that或which引导

各种关系代词的使用方法
一．关系代词who (whom)的用法
who可以代人（即它的先行词必须是人），在从句中可以担任主语，往往也可以代替在句子中担任宾语的whom，但它的前面不能有词，如果带介词则必须用宾格的
whom：介词＋whom
例：This is the teacher who teaches us maths．这就是教我们数学的老师。
在从句中作主语
She is the girl who (whom) I met at the party．她就是我在晚会上认识的那个女孩。
在从句中作宾语（who可代替whom）
She is the girl with whom I went there．她就是和我一起去那儿的女孩。
在从句中作介词with的宾语
二．什么情况下宜用who，而不用that．
１．先行词是one ones anyone时宜用who
例：The ones who flatter me don’t please me．那些奉承我的人并不能取悦于我。
Anyone who fails to finish the task given should be criticized．任何人不能完成指定的任务，都应受到批评。
2．先行词为those时，宜用who为关系代词。
例：Those who want to go to the Great Wall sign up here．凡是想去长城的人在这里签名。
３．当先行词有较长的后置定语时。
例：I met a foreigner in the street yesterday who could asked me questions in Chinese．昨天，在街上，我遇到了一位能用汉语问我问题的外国人。
４．一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that，另一个宜用who。
例：The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard．昨天晚上你遇见的那位男孩是位学习非常努力的组长。
５．在there be开头的句子中。
例：There is an old man who want to see you．有位老人要见你。
二．关系代词whose的用法。
例：whose是代词的所有格，它既可以代人也可以代物。
I saw a woman whose bag was stolen．我看见了一个皮包被偷了的妇女。
Please show me the book whose cover is red．请把封面是红色的那本书拿给我看看。
三．关系代词that的用法。
１．首先要特别注意只能用在限定性定语从句中，在非限定性定语从句中永远不能用that，另外介词后面不能跟that，而跟which。
例：Mike’s dog，which was very old now，became ill and died．麦克的狗，已经很老了，病死了。
２．在限定性定语从句中that和which在代替物时，一般可以通用。
例：The money that(which)my mother gave me yesterday has been stolen．昨天我妈妈给我的钱已经被偷走了。
３．在以下这些情况下，只宜用that，而不用which。
A 先行词是最高级形容词或者它的前面有最高级形容词时。
例：This is the best that has been used against pollution．这是用来防止污染的最好的办法。
B 先行词是序数词时，或它的前面有一个序数词时。
例：He is the last person (that) I want to see．他是我最不想见的人。
C 主句已有疑问词who或which时。
例：Which is the bike that you lost？你丢失的是那辆自行车？
D 先行词既有人又有物，宜用that。
例：Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about？你知道他们正在谈论的人和事情吗？
E 先行词是all much little something everything anything nothing none the one 等代词时。
例：You should hand in all that you have．你应该把你所拥有的一切都交上来。
I nean the one that you talked about just now．我指的是你刚刚谈到的那个。
F 先行词前面only any few little no all one of the same 等词修饰时。
例：The only thing that we can do is to give you some money．我们唯一能够做的就是给你一些钱。
Li Ming is one of the students that want to be teachers in our class．李明是我们班想当老师的学生之一。
G 有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词已用which，另外一个宜用that。
例：Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before．爱迪生办了一个工厂，生产过去从未见到过的东西。
四．关系代词which的用法。
１．在非限定性定语从句中，只宜用which，不能用that。
例：Beijing，which is the capital of China，is a very beautiful city
北京是中国的首都，它是一座美丽的城市。
２．在限定性定语从句中和在代物时常常可以通用，但有时只宜用which，不用that。
A 关系代词前有介词时。
例：This is the hotel in which you will stay．这就是你将要住在那里的旅馆。
B 如果有两个定语从句，其中一句的关系词是that，另一个宜用which。
例：Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us．让我给你看看我从新开放的图书馆借来的小说。
初中英语：定语从句专项练习题
1. Don’t talk about such things of __________ you are not sure.
A. which B. what C. as D. those
2. Is this the factory __________ you visited the other day?
A. that B. where C. in which D. the one
3. Is this factory __________ some foreign friends visited last Friday?
A. that B. where C. which D. the one
4. Is this the factory __________ he worked ten years ago?
A. that B. where C. which D. the one
5. The wolves hid themselves in the places __________ couldn’t be found.
A. that B. where C. in which D. in that
6. The freezing point is the temperature __________ water changes into ice.
A. at which B. on that C. in which D. of what
7. This book will show you __________ can be used in other contexts..
A. how you have observed B. what you have observed
C. that you have observed D. how that you have observed
8. The reason is __________ he is unable to operate the machine.
A. because B. why C. that D. whether
9. I’ll tell you __________ he told me last week.
A. all which B. that C. all that D. which
10. That tree, __________ branches are almost bare, is very old. A. whose B. of which C. in which D. on which
11. I have bought the same dress __________ she is wearing.
A. as B. that C. which D. what
12. He failed in the examination, __________ made his father very angry.
A. which B. it C. that D. what
13. We’re talking about the piano and the pianist __________ were in the concert we attended last night.
A. which B. whom C. who D. that
14. The girl __________ an English song in the next room is Tom’s sister.
A. who is singing B. is singing C. sang D. was singing
15. Those __________ not only from books but also through practice will succeed.
A. learn B. who C. that learns D. who learn
16. Anyone __________ this opinion may speak out.
A. that against B. that against C. who is against D. who are against
17. Didn’t you see the man __________?
A. I nodded just now B. whom I nodded just now
C. I nodded to him just now D. I nodded to just now
18. Can you lend me the novel __________ the other day?
A. that you talked B. you talked about it
C. which you talked with D. you talked about
19. Is there anything __________ to you?
A. that is belonged B. that belongs
C. that belong D. which belongs
20. ---- “How do you like the book?”
---- “It’s quite different from __________ I read last month.”
A. that B. which C. the one D. the one what
21. Mr. Zhang gave the textbook to all the pupils except __________ who had already taken them.
A. the ones B. ones C. some D. the others
22. The train __________ she was travelling was late.
A. which B. where C. on which D. in that
23. He has lost the key to the drawer __________ the papers are kept.
A. where B. in which C. under which D. which
24. Antarctic __________ we know very little is covered with thick ice all the year round.
A. which B. where C. that D. about which
25. It’s the third time __________ late this month.
A. that you arrived B. when you arrived
C. that you’ve arrived D. when you’ve arrived
26. It was in 1969 __________ the American astronaut succeeded in landing on the moon.
A. that B. which C. when D. in which
27. May the fourth is the day __________ we Chinese people will never forget.
A. which B. when C. on which D. about which
28. We are going to spend the Spring Festival in Guangzhou, _________

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