The 6 Education Theorists All Teachers Should Know present 6
people that did some of the major research in
education. 6大教育理论流派的代表人物
Lev Vygotsky
维果茨基
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD). This means the skills
that are just a little bit beyond their reach. 最近发展区概念 维果茨基将最近发展区定义为“实际的发展水平与潜在的发展水平之间的差距。前者由儿童独立解决问题的能力而定,后者则是指在成人的指导下或是与能力较强的同伴合作时,儿童能够解决问题的能力。”维果茨基将学生解决问题的能力分成了三种类别:学生能独立进行的、即使借助帮助也不能表现出来的、处于这两个极端之间的借助他人帮助可以表现出来的。维果茨基明确指出了教学与发展之间的关系,教学促进发展,教学应该走在发展的前面,“良好的教学走在发展前面并引导之。” Scaffolding is not a term that Vygotsky actually used but
it’s a concept that developed based on his work. When you scaffold
a student, you give them support to complete a task that they can’t
quite do on their own. For example, at first, students need to be
walked through every step of long division. Gradually the
scaffolding can be reduced. Maybe they just need a couple of
reminders at tricky spots. Eventually the scaffolding can be
removed because the student can complete the task on their
own. 支架理论教师引导着教学的进行,通过教师或其他同学的帮助(支架)学生理解特定知识、建构知识意义和内化所学的知识和技能,从而能够进行更高水平的认知活动。
Jean Piaget
让·皮亚杰
Piaget was a constructivist which means he believed that kids
learn by manipulating, modifying, and otherwise working with
concepts. They construct their own learning rather than just being
told something. Piaget worked with the idea that the things people
know are organized into schemas. When a child learns something new,
they either assimilate it into an existing schema, change their
schema, or develop a new schema. Do you activate background
knowledge before a lesson? You’re helping students tap into their
existing schema! 在皮亚杰的理论中,格式既可被看成是有机体认知结构中的一个子结构,又可被看成是认知结构中的一个元素。认知结构就是协调了的格式的整体形式。 他将生物学的同化这一概念应用于心理学中,意指人们把知觉到的新鲜刺激融于原有的格式中,从而达到了对事物的理解,同比是个体认识成长的机制之一。 依据皮亚杰的观点,平衡化指通过多重的去平衡与再平衡,导致从一接近平衡的状态向着质上存在差异的平衡状态递进发展。而自动调节是介于同化与顺应之间的第三者,对同化与顺应进行调整以达到两者的平衡。 皮亚杰认为一切知识,从功能机制上说,是同化与顺化的统一;从结构机制上分析,则是主体认知结构的内化产生和外化应用的统一。而运算是组成认知结构的元素,各个运算联系在一起就组成了结构的整体。
B.F. Skinner
斯金纳
When I taught second grade and my class was on the wrong
track, I would look for the one kid doing the right thing and say,
“Wow, I love how Jesse is standing with his hands to his side and
his voice turned off.” As I positively reinforced this behavior
with praise, other students would jump on board, too. This is the
heart of behaviorism. It’s the idea that praise and rewards
positively reinforce a behavior and encourage kids to continue with
it. Punishments discourage students from a behavior. Beyond
following rules, there are learning actions we can reinforce. If
you display quality student work, praise students for using
strategies, let students publish on cool paper when they have their
writing perfect, etc. you are using behaviorism to guide students
toward the behaviors and actions of successful adults. 强化理论 斯金纳提出了强化理论,十分强调强化在学习中的重要性。强化就是通过强化物增强某种行为的过程,而强化物就是增加反应可能性的任何刺激。斯金纳把强化分成积极强化和消极强化两种。积极强化是获得强化物以加强某个反应,如鸽子啄键可得到食物。消极强化是去掉可厌的刺激物,是由于刺激的退出而加强了那个行为。如鸽子用啄键来去除电击伤害。教学中的积极强化是教师的赞许等,消极强化是教师的皱眉等。这两种强化都增加了反应再发生的可能性。斯金纳认为不能把消极强化与惩罚混为一谈。他通过系统的实验观察得出了一条重要结论:惩罚就是企图呈现消极强化物或排除积极强化物去刺激某个反应,仅是一种治标的方法,它对被惩罚者和惩罚者都是不利的。他的实验证明,惩罚只能暂时降低反应率,而不能减少消退过程中反应的总次数。在他的实验中,当白鼠已牢固建立按杠杆得到食物的条件反射后,在它再按杠杆时给予电刺激,这时反应率会迅速下降。如果以后杠杆不带电了,按压率又会直线上升。斯金纳对惩罚的科学研究,对改变当时美国和欧洲盛行的体罚教育起了一定作用。
Jerome Bruner
布鲁纳
If you have decent curriculum to use, you’ve probably seen
Bruner’s idea of spiral curriculum at work. Elementary students
can’t design roads and bridges but they can begin to learn about
the physics of how the slope of a ramp effects the speed of a ball
rolling down that ramp. Each year they can revsit and build on
their previous learning.
Benjamin Bloom
本杰明·布鲁姆
布鲁姆教育目标分类
You may have heard of Bloom’s Taxonomy. It’s a hierarchy of
intellectual behaviors. The lowest level is remembering facts. The
highest level is using your knowledge to create something new. With
the new Common Core standards we’ve heard a lot about increasing
rigor for our students. One way to do this is to make sure we’re
involving our students in higher order thinking activities at the
top of Bloom’s Taxonomy, not just in memorizing facts.
Howard Gardner
加德纳
多元智能理论”创始人
Gardnerfound that people have more than one way
of processing information and that a typical IQ score doesn’t
completely measure intelligence. He created the theory of
Multiple Intelligences. In the classroom
we can engage multiple intelligences by singing educational songs,
allowing students to work through concepts verbally, through art,
through writing, with partners, and through movement. 1、言语—语言智能(Verbal-linguistic
intelligence)指听、说、读和写的能力,表现为个人能够顺利而高效地利用语言描述事件、表达思想并与认交流的能力。 2、音乐—节奏智能(Musical-rhythmic
intelligence)指感受、辨别、记忆、改变和表达音乐的能力,表现为个人对音乐包括节奏、音调、音色和旋律的敏感以及通过作曲、演奏和歌唱等表达音乐的能力。 3、逻辑—数理智能(Logical-mathematical
intelligence)指运算和推理的能力,表现为对事物间各种关系如类比、对比、因果和逻辑等关系的敏感以及通过数理运算和逻辑推理等进行思维的能力。 4、视觉—空间智能(Visual-spatial
intelligence)指感受、辨别、记忆和改变物体的空间关系并借此表达思想和感情的能力,表现为对线条、形状、结构、色彩和空间关系的敏感以及通过平面图形和立体造型将它们表现出来的能力。 5、身体—动觉智能(Bodily-kinesthetic
intelligence)指运用四肢和躯干的能力,表现为能够较好地控制自己的身体、对事件能够做出恰当的身体反应以及善于利用身体语言来表达自己的思想和情感的能力。 6、自知—自省智能(Intrapersonal
intelligence)指认识、洞察和反省自身的能力,表现为能够正确地意识和评价自身的情绪、动机、欲望、个性、意志,并在正确的自我意识和自我评价的基础上形成自尊、自律和自制的能力。 7、交往—交流智能(Interpersonal
intelligence)指与人相处和交往的能力,表现为觉察、体验他人情绪、情感和意图并据此做出适宜反应的能力。 8、自然观察智能(Naturalist
intelligence)指个体辨别环境(不仅是自然环境,还包括人造环境)的特征并加以分类和利用的能力。