大二上期末翻译理论
2015-12-30 23:42阅读：
Chapter I
1.Translation means “representing accurately and completely in the
target language what is expressed in the source language.”(Fan
Cunzhong)
翻译是一种跨越时空的语言活动，是'把一种语言已经表达出来的东西用另一种语言准确而完整地重新表达出来
2.Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the
closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in
terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style (Nida, 1969:12)
.
所谓翻译，是在译语中用切近而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息，首先是意义，其次是文体
3.By languages involved in translation, translation can be
classified into translation from the native language into the
foreign language or vice versa(p.1)
从原语和目的语的角度来看，翻译可分为本族语译为外语，外语译为本族语两大类。
4.By signs involved in translation, translation can be classified
into intralingual translation, interlingual translation and
intersemiotic translation.
从涉及到的符号来看，翻译可分为语内翻译（通过同一语言中的一些语言符号解释另一些符号，如把古汉语译成现代汉语），语际翻译（通过一种语言符号解释另一种语言符号，如把英语译成汉语），符际翻译（通过非语言的符号系统解释语言符号或用语言符号解释非语言符号，如用手势语解释一则新闻。）
5.By medium used in translation, translation can be classified into
written translation (translation), oral translation
(interpretation), and machine translation (computer-aided
translation, CAT).
从翻译的手段来看，翻译可分为口译、笔译和机器翻译。
6.By genres, translation can be classified into specialized-subject
translation, literary translation and general translation.
从翻译的题材来看明，翻译可分为专业性翻译（翻译法律、科技文献、专业学术论著等）、文学翻译（翻译小说、诗歌、戏剧等文学作品）和一般性翻译（翻译各种应用文和新闻报道等）。
7.By modes, translation can be classified into absolute
translation, selective translation and translation with
reconstruction (edition- translation).
从翻译方式上来看，翻译可分为全译、摘译和编译。
5 Translation Criteria and Principles
1)The source-language-oriented translation
principle以译出语或译入语为取向的翻译原则
It is keenly oriented towards the ST structure often with scholarly
footnotes, allowing the receptor to gain close access to the SL and
culture as it has greater focus upon the source text than the
readers of the TT.
译出语为取向的翻译原则唯原文的形式是举，惟恐译文失真，有违原文作者的原意，因此翻译时完全采取词对词、句对句（word for word
and line for line）的死译方法，而且常多用音译法。
2)The target-language-oriented translation
principle以译入语为取向的原则
Translating by sacrificing the form of the source language for the
sake of elegance and intelligibility in the target language. This
orientation has greater focus upon the receptors of the target
language than the source language
译文应该完全传达原文的思想,译文的风格与笔调应与原文的一致,译文应像原文一样流畅
3)The author-and-reader-oriented translation
principle以作者和读者为取向的原则
Translating by preserving the message of the SL for the sake of
both faithfulness to the SL and intelligibility to the TL
readers.翻译既要'忠实'又要'通顺'，即译文必须既要考虑到原作者又要考虑到译文的读者。
Focused not only on the faithfulness to the SL but also on the
smoothness of the TL.
译文既要信又要顺
4)The aesthetics-oriented translation principle以美学为取向的原则
Translating by focusing on the beauty of the SL and the TL for the
sake of insuring artistic equality.
This orientation has been particularly popular among the literary
translators who regard translation as an artistic
reproduction which should represent the artistic features of the
ST
为了求得艺术等值，要发挥译者的创造性，译者要像进行文艺创作一样，选择最能反映原作美感的语言手段，再现原作的艺术现实
5)The sociosemiotics-oriented translation
principle社会符号学为取向的原则
Translating by focusing on both the meaning and functions of the SL
and the TL for the sake of achieving correspondence in meaning and
similarity in function.
在保证特定上下文中最重要的意义优先传译的前提下，尽可能多地传递原语信息的多重意义，以争取原文和译文最大限度的等值。
This orientation is closely related to the sociosemiotic analysis
of the SL and the good representation of as many as
possible both the meanings and functions of the SL text in the
TL.
Three types of meaning
Relation of the sigh with the referent
semantic dimension
Designative Meaning 指称意义
Relation of the sign with other signs
syntactic dimension
Linguistic Meaning 指称意义
Relation of the sign with the interpreter
pragmatic dimension
Pragmatic Meaning语用意义
Chapter II
annotation(加注), paraphrase(释义), amplification(增词)，omission
(减词),shift of perspective (转换), adaptation(归化),
division(切分),combination (合并)
1.Annotation means the use of either transliteration or literal
translation plus an added note.
加注由于英汉文化存在许多差异，因此英语中某些文化词语在汉语中根本就没有对等词，形成了词义上的空缺。在这种情况下，英译汉时常常要采用加注法来弥补空缺。加注通常可以用来补充诸如背景材料、词语起源等相关信息，便于读者理解。加注法可分为音译加注和直译加注两种。
2.Amplification means supplying necessary words so as to make the
Chinese version clear in meaning, logical in grammar and beautiful
in rhetoric.
3.Omission means omitting the words or phrases which prove to be
redundant in the TL if they are retained.
