大三上综英期中-课文翻译
2016-11-09 22:19阅读：
翻译
Unit1 Chinese Humanism
To understand the Chinese ideal of life one must try to
understand Chinese humanism. The term 'humanism' is ambiguous.
Chinese humanism, however, has a very definite meaning. It implies,
first a just conception of the ends of human life; secondly, a
complete devotion to these ends; and thirdly, the attainment of
these ends by the spirit of human reasonableness or the Doctrine of
the Golden Mean, which may also be called the Religion of Common
Sense.
要想了解中国人的人生理想就得试着去了解中国的人文主义。对于人文主义这一术语的解释有着许多歧义。但中国的人文主义却有着非常明确的含义。第一，它意味着人生的目标;第二，对这些目标全身心的投入;第三，达成目标的方法，即事理通达或中庸之道，又称“庸见的崇拜”。
The question of the meaning of life has perplexed Western
philosophers, and it has never been solved -- naturally, when one
starts out from the teleolog
ical point of view, according to which all things, including
mosquitoes and typhoid germs, are created for the good of this
cocksure humanity. As there is usually too much pain and misery in
this life to allow a perfect answer to satisfy man's pride,
teleology is therefore carried over to the next life, and this
earthly life is then looked upon as a preparation for the life
hereafter, in conformity with the logic of Socratess, which looked
upon a ferocious wife as a natural provision for the training of
the husband's character. This way of dodging the horns of the
dilemma sometimes gives peace of mind for a moment, but then the
eternal question, 'What is the meaning of life?' comes back.
Others, like Nietzsche, take the bull by the horns, and refuse to
assume that life must have a meaning and believe that progress is
in a circle, and human achievements are a savage dance, instead of
a trip to the market, but still the question comes back eternally,
like the sea waves lapping upon the shore: 'What is the meaning of
life?'
人生的意义这个问题让西方哲人百思不得其解，而且始终也没找到合适的答案。这不难理解，因为他们的出发点是目的论观点，认为世界万物包括蚊虫伤寒都是为了人类的好而生的，也许这就是人类的狂妄自大。因为此生不如意事十之八九，现世并非至善至美，有悖于人类的自尊心，于是，目的论把眼光转向来世，认为此生只是来世的前奏。这个观点刚好契合苏格拉底的逻辑：悍妻手下出良夫。这种避免自相矛盾的论调可以让人内心获得暂时的安宁，但那个永恒的问题会时而复现：“人生的意义到底是什么呢?”另有一派观点认为人生未必一定得有意义，比如，尼采为此做了艰难的探索，他们认为人生就是一个轮回，人的一生就是一群野蛮人在舞蹈，自娱自乐，而不是像赶集那样有所交易。可是，那个问题依然挥之不去，犹如海浪拍岸：“人生的意义到底是什么呢?”
The Chinese humanists believe they have found the true end of
life and are conscious of it. For the Chinese the end of life lies
not in life after death, for the idea that we live in order to die,
as taught by Christianity, is incomprehensible; nor in Nirvana, for
that is too metaphysical; nor in the satisfaction of
accomplishment, for that is too vainglorious; yet in progress for
progress' sake, for that is meaningless. The true end, the Chinese
have decided in a singularly clear manner, lies in the enjoyment of
a simple life, especially the family life, and in harmonious social
relationships. The first poem that a child learns in school
runs:
While soft clouds by warm breezes are wafted in the
morn,
Lured by flowers, past the river I roam on and
on.
They'll say, 'Look at that old man on a spree!'
And know riot that my spirit's on happiness
borne.
中国人文主义者相信他们已找到人生真义，并对此坚信不疑。中国人的人生真义不在于来世，因为基督教宣扬的为来世而生的理念实在令人费解;也不是涅槃重生，这太过形而上学，玄之又玄;也不是建功立业，实则贪慕虚荣;更不是“为进步而进步”，这实在毫无意义。其实，中国人已了然于胸，人生真义在于享受简单质朴的生活，期盼家庭和睦融洽，社会安定和谐。这正如儿童学习的第一首诗所描绘的那般光景：
云淡风轻近午天，傍花随柳过前川。
时人不识余心乐，将谓偷闲学少年。
That represents to the Chinese, not just a pleasant poetic
mood but the summum bonum of life. The Chinese ideal of life is
drunk through with this sentiment. It is an ideal of life that is
neither particularly ambitious nor metaphysical, but nevertheless
immensely real. It is, I must say, a brilliantly simple ideal, so
brilliantly simple that only the matter-of-fact Chinese mind could
have conceived it, and yet one often wonders how the West could
have failed to see that the meaning of life lies in the sane and
healthy enjoyment of it. The difference between China and the West
seems to be that the Westerners have a greater capacity for getting
and making more things and a lesser ability to enjoy them, while
the Chinese have a greater determination and capacity to enjoy the
few things they have. This trait, our concentration on earthly
happiness, is as much a result as a cause of the absence of
religion. For if one cannot believe in the life hereafter as the
consummation of the present life, one is forced to make the most of
this life before the farce is over. The absence of religion makes
this concentration possible.
这一首小诗不独表现诗的情感,它同时表现着人生的“至善至德”的概念。中国人对于人生的理想是浸透于此种情感中的。这一种人生的理想既不是怀着极大野心,也不是玄妙而不可思议,它是无尚的真实,我还得说它是放着异彩的淳朴的理想,只有脚踏实地的中国精神始能领悟之。吾人诚不解欧美人何以竟不能明了人生目的即在纯洁而健全地享受人生。中西本质之不同好像是这样的:西方人较长于进取与工作而拙于享受,中国人则善于享受有限之少量物质。这一个特性,吾们的集中于尘俗享乐的意识,即为宗教不能存在之原因,也就是不存在的结果。因为你倘使不相信现世此一生命的终结系于下一世的生命的开始,天然要在这一出现世人生趣剧未了以前享受所有的一切。宗教之不存在,使此等意识之凝集尤为可能。
From this a humanism has developed which frankly proclaims a
man-centered universe, and lays down the rule that the end of all
knowledge is to serve human happiness. The humanizing of knowledge
is not an easy thing, for the moment man swerve he is carried away
by his logic and becomes a tool of his own knowledge. Only by a
sharp and steadfast holding to the true end of human life as one
sees it can humanism maintain itself. Humanism occupies, for
instance, a mean position between the other-worldliness of religion
and the materialism of the modem world. Buddhism may have captured
popular fancy in China, but against its influence the true
Confucianist was always inwardly resentful, for it was, in the eyes
of humanism, only an escape from life, or a negation of the truly
human life.
由此产生一个人文主义，它坦白地宣告宇宙是以人为中心的，并规定一切知识最终都是为人类的幸福服务。然而知识的人文化并非易事，因为一个人一旦产生动摇，就会被他的逻辑所左右，成为知识的工具。只有坚定地把握住人生的真谛，人文主义才能保持自我。比如说，人文主义只是在现代的物质主义和宗教的世俗之心之间占据一个中间位置。佛教在中国广为流行，真正的儒教对它愤愤不平，可在人文主义者的眼里，佛教只不过是对生活的逃避和对人生真义的歪曲而已。
On the other hand, the modem world, with its over-development
of machinery, has not taken time to ensure that man enjoys what he
makes. The glorification of the plumber in America has made man
forget that one can live a very happy life without hot and cold
running water, and that in France and Germany many men have lived
to comfortable old age and made important scientific discoveries
and written master- pieces with their water jug and old-fashioned
basin. There needs to be a religion which will transcribe Jesus'
famous dictum about the Sabbath and constantly preach that the
machine is made for man and not man made for machine. For after
all, the sum of all human wisdom and the problem of all human
knowledge is how man shall remain a man and how he shall best enjoy
his life.
另一方面，在机械过度开发的当今世界，已经没时间来确保人们会喜欢自己在做的事情。在美国，对水管工的称颂已经让人们忘记，没有了冷热自来水，我们依然可以过得很幸福。人们也已经忘记了在法国和德国，很多人使用水壶和老式水盆依然活到了安详舒适的晚年，贡献重要的科学发现，著书立说。因此，我们需要一种宗教，来长期广布耶稣安患日的宣言：机械创造是为人类服务的，而不是用来奴役人类的。总之，一切人类智慧与知识达到终极就是在于让人明白人何以不失于人，如何享受人生。
Unit2
Neat People vs. Sloppy People
整洁人与邋遢人
I’ve finally
figured out the difference between neat people and sloppy people.
The distinction is, as always, moral. Neat people are lazier and
meaner than sloppy people.
我终于悟出了整洁人与邋遢人的区别。他们的区别总是表现在德行上。整洁人比邋遢人来得更懒惰、更吝啬。
Sloppy people, you see, are not really sloppy. Their
sloppiness is merely the unfortunate consequence of their extreme
moral rectitude. Sloppy people carry in their mind’s eye a heavenly vision, a
precise plan, that is so stupendous, so perfect, it
can’t be achieved in
this world or the next.
要知道，邋遢人其实并真的邋遢。他们的邋遢只是过于讲究德行而造成的不良后果。邋遢人心目中有着美妙的想象，有着周密的计划，既宏伟又完满，今生来世都无法实现。
Sloppy people live in Never-Never Land . Someday is their
metier. Someday they are planning to alphabetize all their books
and set up home catalogues. Someday they will go through their
wardrobes and mark certain items for tentative mending and certain
items for passing on to relatives of similar shape and size.
Someday sloppy people will make family scrapbooks into which they
will put newspaper clippings, postcards, locks of hair, and dried
cor¬sage from their senior prom. Someday they will file everything
on the surface of their desks, including the cash receipts from
coffee purchases at the snack shop. Someday they will sit down and
read all the back issues of The New Yorker.
邋遢人生活在理想王国里。他们最善于筹划有朝一日怎么办。有朝一日，他们要把自己的书全都按照字母顺序编排好，建立一个家庭图书目录。有朝一日，他们要把自己的衣服全都翻个遍，有的标明要实施能不能修补一下，有的要送给体型身材差不多的亲戚。有朝一日，邋遢人要制作家庭剪贴簿，把剪报、明信片、头发以及大学四年级班级舞会上用过的枯萎的装饰花放在里面。有朝一日，他们要把办公桌上的所有东西，包括在快餐店买咖啡的现金收据，全部归档整理好。有朝一日，他们要坐下来阅读所有过期的《纽约人》。
For all these noble reasons and more, sloppy people never get
neat. They aim too high and wide. They save everything, planning
someday to file, or¬der, and straighten out the world. But while
these ambitious plans take clearer and clearer shape in their
heads-, the books spill from the shelves onto the floor, the
clothes pile up in the hamper and clos¬et, the family mementos
accumulate in every draw¬er, the surface of the desk is buried
under mounds of paper and the unread magazines threaten to reach
the ceiling.
由于这些以及其他雄心勃勃的理由，邋遢人从来整洁不起来。他们把目标定得太高太远，什么东西都要保留下来，计划有朝一日再整理、再归档，把一切搞得井井有条。然而，就在这些宏伟的计划在心里渐渐成形的时候，书从书架上散落到地上，衣篮和衣柜里堆满了衣服，个个抽屉里都放满了纪念品，桌面上摆满了一摞摞的材料，没读过的杂志都快顶到天花板了。
Sloppy people can’t bear to part with anything. They give loving attention
to every detail. When sloppy people say they’re going to tackle the surface of
the desk, they really mean it. Not a paper -will go unturned; not a
rubber -band will go unboxed. Four hours or two weeks into the
excavation, the desk looks exactly the same, primarily because the
sloppy person is meticulously creating new piles of papers with new
headings and scrupulously stopping to read all the old book catalog
before he throws them away. A neat person would just bulldoze the
desk.
邋遢人什么东西都不舍得丢掉，什么小东西都当成宝贝。当邋遢人说要清理桌面时，他们还真不是说着玩的。每一张纸片都要翻个个儿，每一根橡皮筋都要装到盒子里。经过四小或两星期的大清理，桌面上还跟先前一模一样，主要因为邋遢人会一丝不苟地立起新的名目，建起新的文件堆，还要把所有的旧书目仔仔细细地察看一番，才肯最终扔掉。整洁人则会把桌子清除得一干二净。
Neat people are bums and clods at heart. They have cavalier
attitudes toward possessions, including family heirlooms.
Everything is just another dust-catcher to them. If anything
collects dust, it’s got
to go and that’s
that. Neat people will toy with the idea of throwing the children
out of the house just to cut down on the clutter.
整洁人其实都是些懒汉和笨蛋。他们对自己的东西漫不经心，就是传家宝也毫不在意。在他们看来，任何东西都会吸引灰尘、什么东西一染上灰尘就得处理掉，没有什么好说的。为了减少家里的凌乱，整洁人还捉摸想把孩子扔出去。
Neat people don’t
care about process. They like results. What they want to do is get
the whole thing over with so they can sit down and watch the
rasslin on TV. Neat people operate on two unvary¬ing principles:
Never handle any item twice, and throw everything away.
整洁人并不在乎过程，而是喜欢结果。他们只想把什么都了结了，好坐下来打开电视看摔跤。整洁人有两条一定不易的行为准则：什么东西都不做二次处理，统统都要扔掉。
The only thing messy in a neat person’s house is the trash can. The
minute something comes to a neat person’ s hand, he will look at it, try
to decide if it has immediate use and, finding none, throw it in
the trash.
整洁人家里唯一凌乱的就是垃圾箱。整洁人一拿到一样东西，就要打量一番，看看是否能马上派上用场，如果马上派不上用场，就扔进垃圾箱里。
Neat people are especially vicious with mail. They never go
through their mail unless they are standing directly over a trash
can. If the trash can is beside the mailbox, even better. All ads,
cata¬logs, pleas for charitable contributions, church bul¬letins
and money-saving coupons go straight into the trash can without
being opened. All letters from home, postcards from Europe, bills
and paychecks are opened, immediately responded to, then dropped in
the trash can. Neat people keep their receipts on¬ly for tax
purposes. That’s it. No
sentimental salvaging of birthday cards or the last letter a dying
rel¬ative ever wrote. Into the trash it goes.
整洁人对信件特别不留情。他们每次看信必定要站在垃圾箱跟前。如果垃圾箱就在信箱旁边，那岂不是更好。所有的广告、目录、恳求慈善捐款、教堂公告、购物优惠券，也不拆封就投进了垃圾箱。所有的家信、欧洲来的明信片。所有的帐单和薪金支票，则要打开，马上回复，然后扔进垃圾箱。整洁人只是为了方便缴税，才保存收据的。仅此而已。他们决不会感情用事，保留生日卡或哪位生命垂危的亲戚写来的最后一封信。这些全要扔进垃圾箱。
Neat people place neatness above everything, even economics.
They are incredibly wasteful. Neat people throw away several toys
every time they walk through the den. I knew a neat person once who
threw away a perfectly good dish drainer be¬cause it had mold on
it. The drainer was too much trouble to wash. And neat people sell
their furniture when they move. They will sell a La-Z-Boy recliner
while you are reclining in it.
整洁人把整洁看得高于一切，甚至都不考虑经济因素。他们浪费起来真令人难以置信，每次打娱乐室走过时，都要扔掉几件玩具。我曾认识一个整洁人。他扔掉了一只非常好的餐具滤干器，因为那玩意儿发霉了，洗起来太费劲儿。整洁人一搬家，就要卖家具。你还躺在一把懒汉躺椅上，他们就把躺椅给卖掉了。
Neat people are no good to borrow from. Neat people buy
everything in expensive little single por¬tions. They get their
flour and sugar in two-pound bags. They wouldn’t consider clipping a coupon,
saving a leftover, reusing plastic non-dairy whipped cream
containers or rinsing off tin foil and draping it over the unmoldy
dish drainer. You can never bor¬row a neat person s newspaper to
see what’s
playing at the movies. Neat people have the paper all wadded up and
in the trash by 7:05 a.m.
整洁人的东西可不要去借。他们买什么东西都要价钱很贵的单份小包装，买面粉和食糖要两磅一袋的。他们从不考虑剪下一张购物优惠券，保留一点剩余物，重复使用非乳制掼奶油塑料盒，或是把锡纸冲洗干净，打在没有发霉的餐具滤干器上。你想向整洁人借张报纸看看电影院在放映什么电影，那是永远办不到的。早晨七点零五分，整洁人就把报纸揉作一团，扔进了垃圾箱。
Neat people cut a clean swath through the or¬ganic as well as
the inorganic world. People, ani¬mals, and things are all one to
them. They are so insensitive. After they have finished with the
pantry, the medicine cabinet, and the attic, they will throw out
the red geranium (too many leaves) sell the dog (too many fleas),
and send the children off to boarding school (too many scuffmarks
on the hardwood floors).
整洁人不管你是无生物，还是有生物，全都一扫而光。人、动物、东西，对他们来说都是一回事。他们太麻木不仁了。他们清理完食品室、药柜和阁楼之后，就会扔掉天竺葵（嫌叶子太多），卖掉狗（嫌跳蚤太多），他把孩子打发到寄宿学校（嫌他们给硬木地板留下太多的瘢痕）。
Unit3
Americans are probably the most pain-conscious people on the
face of the earth. For years we have had it drummed into
us—in print, on radio,
over television, in everyday conversation—that any hint of pain is to be
banished as though it were the ultimate evil. As a result, we are
becoming a nation of pill-grabbers and hypochondriacs, escalating
the slightest ache into a searing ordeal.
2 We know very little about pain and what we don’t know makes it hurt all the
more. Indeed, no form of illiteracy in the United States is
so widespread or costly as ignorance about pain—what it is, what causes it, how
to deal with it without panic. Almost everyone can rattle off the
names of at least a dozen drugs that can deaden pain from every
conceivable cause—all the way from headaches to hemorrhoids. There is far
less knowledge about the fact that about 90 percent of pain is
self-limiting, that it is not always an indication of poor health,
and that, most frequently, it is the result of tension, stress,
worry, idleness, boredom, frustration, suppressed rage,
insufficient sleep, overeating, poorly balanced diet, smoking,
excessive drinking, inadequate exercise, stale air, or any
of the other abuses encountered by the human body in modern
society.
3 [2] The most ignored fact of all about pain is that the
best way to eliminate it is to eliminate the abuse. Instead, many
people reach almost instinctively for the painkillers—aspirins, barbiturates, codeines,
tranquilizers, sleeping pills, and dozens of other analgesics or
desensitizing drugs.
4 [3] Most doctors are profoundly troubled over the extent to
which the medical profession today is taking on the trappings of a
pain-killing industry. Their offices are overloaded with people who
are morbidly but mistakenly convinced that something dreadful is
about to happen to them. [4] It is all too evident that the
campaign to get people to run to a doctor at the first sign of pain
has boomeranged. Physicians find it difficult to give adequate
attention to patients genuinely in need of expert diagnosis and
treatment because their time is soaked up by people who have
nothing wrong with them except a temporary indisposition or a
psychogenic ache.
5 Patients tend to feel indignant and insulted if the
physician tells them he can find no organic cause of pain. They
tend to interpret the term “psychogenic” to mean that they are complaining of nonexistent
symptoms. They need to be educated about the fact that many forms
of pain have no underlying physical cause but are the result, as
mentioned earlier, of tension, stress, or hostile factors in the
general environment. Sometimes a pain may be a manifestation
of “conversion
hysteria,” the
name given by Jean Charcot to physical symptoms that have their
origins in emotional disturbances.
6 Obviously, it is folly for an individual to ignore symptoms
that could be a warning of a potentially serious illness. [5] Some
people are so terrified of getting bad news from a doctor that they
allow their malaise to worsen, sometimes past the point of no
return. Total neglect is not the answer to hypochondria. [6]The
only answer has to be increased education about the people will be
able to steer an intelligent course between promiscuous
pill-popping and irresponsible disregard of genuine
symptoms.
7 Of all forms of pain, none is more important for the
individual to understand than the “threshold” variety. Almost everyone has a
telltale ache that is triggered whenever tension or fatigue reaches
a certain point. It can take the form of a migraine-type headache
or a squeezing pain deep in the abdomen or cramps or a pain in the
lower back or even pain in the joints. [7]The individual who has
learned how to make QUESTION the correlation between such threshold
pains and their cause doesn’t panic when they occur; he or
she does something about relieving the stress and tension. Then, if
the pain persists despite the absence of apparent cause, the
individual will telephone the doctor.
8 If ignorance about the nature of pain is widespread,
ignorance about the way pain-killing drugs work is even more so.
What is not generally understood is that many of the vaunted
pain-killing drugs conceal the pain without correcting the
underlying condition. They deaden the mechanism in the body
that alerts the brain to the fact that something may be wrong. [8]
The body can pay a high price for suppression of pain without
regard to its basic cause. 9 Professional athletes are sometimes
severely disadvantaged by trainers whose job is to keep them in
action. [9] The more famous the athlete, the greater the risk that
he or she may be subjected to extreme medical measures when injury
strikes. The star baseball pitcher whose arm is sore because of a
torn muscle or tissue damage may need sustained rest more than
anything else. But his team is battling for a place in the World
Series; so the trainer or team doctor, called upon to work his
magic, reaches for a strong dose of Butazolidine or other powerful
pain suppressants. Presto, the pain disappears! The pitcher takes
his place on the mound and does superbly. That could be the last
game, however, in which he is able to throw a ball with full
strength. The drugs didn’t repair the torn muscle or cause the damaged tissue to
heal. What they did was to mask the pain, enabling the pitcher to
throw hard, further damaging the torn muscle. [10] Little wonder
that so many star athletes are cut down in their prime, more the
victims of overzealous treatment of their injuries than of the
injuries themselves.
10 [11] The king of all painkillers, of course, is aspirin.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration permits aspirin to be sold
without prescription, [12] but the drug, contrary to popular
belief, can be dangerous and, in sustained doses, potentially
lethal. [13] Aspirin is self-administered by more people than any
other drug in the world. Some people are aspirin-poppers, taking
ten or more a day. What they don’t know is that the smallest dose can cause internal
bleeding. [14] Even more serious perhaps is the fact that aspirin
is antagonistic to collagen, which has a key role in the formation
of connective tissue. Since many forms of arthritis involve
disintegration of the connective tissues, the steady use of aspirin
can actually intensify the underlying arthritic
condition.
11 Aspirin is not the only pain-killing drug, of course, that
is known to have dangerous side effects. Dr. Daphne A. Roe, of
Cornell University, at a medical meeting in New York City in 1974,
presented startling evidence of a wide range of hazards associated
with sedatives and other pain suppressants. Some of these drugs
seriously interfere with the ability of the body to metabolize food
properly, producing malnutrition. In some instances, there is also
the danger of bone-marrow depression, interfering with the ability
of the body to replenish its blood supply.
12 Pain-killing drugs are among the greatest advances in the
history of medicine. Properly used, they can be a boon in
alleviating suffering and in treating disease. [15] But their
indiscriminate and promiscuous use is making psychological cripples
and chronic ailers out of millions of people.[16] The unremitting
barrage of advertising for pain-killing drugs, especially over
television, has set the stage for a mass anxiety neurosis.
[17]Almost from the moment children are old enough to sit upright
in front of a television screen, they are being indoctrinated into
the hypochondriac’s
clamorous and morbid world. Little wonder so many people fear pain
more than death itself.
13 It might be a good idea if [18]concerned physicians and
educators could get together to make knowledge about pain an
important part of the regular school curriculum. As for the
populace at large, perhaps some of the same techniques used
by public-service agencies to make people cancer-conscious can be
used to counteract the growing terror of pain and illness in
general. [19]People ought to know that nothing is more remarkable
about the human body than its recuperative drive, given a modicum
of respect. If our broadcasting stations cannot provide equal time
for responses to the pain-killing advertisements, they might at
least set aside a few minutes each day for common-sense remarks on
the subject of pain. [20]As for the Food and Drug Administration,
it might be interesting to know why an agency that has
energetically warned the American people against taking vitamins
without prescriptions is doing so little to control
over-the-counter sales each year of billions of pain-killing pills,
some of which can do more harm than the pain they are supposed to
suppress.
