学术交流请致
Table of Contents 目录
ARTICLE I. GENERAL PROVISIONS 第一章 总则
Rule 101 – Scope; Definitions规则101范围；定义
Rule
新浪博客
学术交流请致
Table of Contents 目录
ARTICLE I. GENERAL PROVISIONS 第一章 总则
Rule 101 – Scope; Definitions规则101范围；定义
Rule
102 –
Purpose规则102目的
Rule 103 – Rulings on Evidence规则103关于证据的裁定
Rule 104 – Preliminary Questions规则104预备性问题
Rule 105 – Limiting Evidence That Is Not Admissible Against Other Parties or for Other Purposes
规则105 对不能采纳来反对其他当事人或者用于其他目的之证据进行限制
Rule 106 – Remainder of or Related Writings or Recorded Statements
规则106 书写或者录制性陈述
Article II – Judicial Notice第二章
Rule 201. Judicial Notice of Adjudicative Facts 规则201对裁判性事实的司法认知
Article III – Presumptions in Civil Cases 第三章
Rule 301 – Presumptions in Civil Cases Generally规则301民事案件中推定的一般规定
Rule 302 – Applying State Law to Presumptions in Civil Cases
规则302就民事案件中的推定适用州法
Article IV – Relevance and its Limits 第四章
Rule 401 – Test for Relevant Evidence规则401相关证据的标准
Rule 402 – General Admissibility of Relevant Evidence
Rule 403 – Excluding Relevant Evidence for Prejudice, Confusion, Waste of Time, or Other Reasons
规则403因损害、混淆、浪费时间或者其他原因而排除相关证据
Rule 404. Character Evidence; Other Crimes, Wrongs or Acts
品行证据；其他犯罪、错误或行为
Rule 405 – Methods of Proving Character 规则405证明品性的方法
Rule 406 – Habit; Routine Practice规则406习惯；例行做法
Rule 407 – Subsequent Remedial Measures
Rule 408 – Compromise Offers and Negotiations规则408和解提议与谈判
Rule 409 – Offers to Pay Medical and Similar Expenses
规则409提议支付医疗费用与类似费用
Rule 410 – Pleas, Plea Discussions, and Related Statements
规则410答辩、答辩讨论与相关陈述
Rule 411 – Liability Insurance规则411责任保险
Rule 412 – Sex-Offense Cases: The Victim’s Sexual Behavior or Predisposition
规则412性犯罪案件：被害人的性行为或性怪癖
Rule 413 – Similar Crimes in Sexual-Assault Cases
规则413性侵犯案件中的类似犯罪
Rule 414 – Similar Crimes in Child Molestation Cases
规则414儿童性侵扰案件中的类似犯罪
Rule 415 – Similar Acts in Civil Cases Involving Sexual Assault or Child Molestation
规则415涉及性侵犯或者儿童性侵扰的民事案件中的类似行为
Article V – Privileges
Rule 501 – Privilege in General规则501特免权的一般规则
Rule 502 – Attorney-Client Privilege and Work Product; Limitations on Waiver
规则502律师—委托人特免权与工作成果；对弃权的限制
Article VI – Witnesses
Rule 601 – Competency to Testify in General规则601作证能力的一般规定
Rule 602 – Need for Personal Knowledge 规则602 缺乏亲身知识
Rule 603 – Oath or Affirmation to Testify Truthfully 规则603宣誓或者郑重声明将如实作证
Rule 604 – Interpreter规则604译员
Rule 605 – Judge’s Competency as a Witness
Rule 606 – Juror’s Competency as a Witness 规则606陪审员充任证人的能力
Rule 607 – Who May Impeach a Witness
Rule 608 – A Witness’s Character for Truthfulness or Untruthfulness
规则608证人诚实与否的品性
Article VII – Opinions and Expert Testimony 第七章 意见与专家证言
Article VIII – Hearsay 第八章传闻
Rule 801- Definitions That Apply to This Article; Exclusions from Hearsay
规则801适用于本章的定义；传闻排除
Rule 802 – The Rule Against Hearsay 规则802反对传闻规则
Article X – Contents of Writings, Recordings, and Photographs
第十章书写品、录制品和摄影的内容
Article XI – Miscellaneous Rules 第十一章 其他规则
部分章节示例如下：
Rule 611 – Mode and Order of Examining Witnesses and Presenting Evidence
规则611 询问证人和提出证据的方式和顺序
(a) Control by the Court; Purposes. The court should exercise reasonable control over the mode and order of examining witnesses and presenting evidence so as to:
(1) make those procedures effective for determining the truth;
(2) avoid wasting time; and
(3) protect witnesses from harassment or undue embarrassment.
（a）法院控制；目的。法院应当对询问证人和提出证据的方式和顺序予以合理控制，以做到：
（1）使这些程序能有效地确定真相；
（2）避免浪费时间；以及
（3）保护证人免受骚扰或者不当困窘。
(b) Scope of Cross-Examination. Cross-examination should not go beyond the subject matter of the direct examination and matters affecting the witness’s credibility. The court may allow inquiry into additional matters as if on direct examination.
(c) Leading Questions. Leading questions should not be used on direct examination except as necessary to develop the witness’s testimony. Ordinarily, the court should allow leading questions:
(1) on cross-examination; and
(2) when a party calls a hostile witness, an adverse party, or a witness identified with an adverse party.
（b）交叉询问的范围。交叉询问不应当超越直接询问的主题及影响证人可信性之事项。法院可以允许像在直接询问中那样对额外事项进行查问。
（c）诱导性问题。在直接询问中不应当使用诱导性问题，除非为展开证人证言所必需。在下列情况下，法院通常应当允许提出诱导性问题：
（1）交叉询问时；以及
（2）一方传唤敌意证人、对方当事人或者与对方当事人认同之证人时。
Rule 612 – Writing Used to Refresh a Witness’s Memory
(a) Scope. This rule gives an adverse party certain options when a witness uses a writing to refresh memory:
(1) while testifying; or
(2) before testifying, if the court decides that justice requires the party to have those options.
（a）范围。在下列情况下证人使用书写品来刷新记忆时，本条规则为对方当事人提供了某些选项：
（1）在作证时；或者
（2）在作证前，如果法院确定正义要求当事人有这些选项时。
(b) Adverse Party’s Options; Deleting Unrelated Matter. Unless 18 U.S.C. § 3500 provides otherwise in a criminal case, an adverse party is entitled to have the writing produced at the hearing, to inspect it, to cross-examine the witness about it, and to introduce in evidence any portion that relates to the witness’s testimony. If the producing party claims that the writing includes unrelated matter, the court must examine the writing in camera, delete any unrelated portion, and order that the rest be delivered to the adverse party. Any portion deleted over objection must be preserved for the record.
（b）对方当事人的选项；删除不相关的事项。除非《美国法典》第18编第3500条就刑事案件另有规定，对方当事人有权要求在听证时出示该书写品，有权对该书写品进行检查，有权就该书写品对该证人进行交叉询问，并且有权把其中与证人证言有关的任何部分提出作为证据。如果出示该书写作品的当事人宣称该书写品包含无关事项，则法院必须对该书写品进行秘密审查，删除任何无关部分，并命令把剩余部分交给对方当事人。不顾异议而删除的部分必须留存在卷。
(c) Failure to Produce or Deliver the Writing. If a writing is not produced or is not delivered as ordered, the court may issue any appropriate order. But if the prosecution does not comply in a criminal case, the court must strike the witness’s testimony or — if justice so requires — declare a mistrial.
（c）未能出示或移交书写品。如果没有出示或者按照上述命令移交书写品，法院可以发出任何适当的命令。但是如果在刑事案件中检控方不遵守上述命令，则法院必须取消该证言，或者为正义利益所要求的情况下，宣布审判无效。
Rule 613 – Witness’s Prior Statement
(a) Showing or Disclosing the Statement During Examination. When examining a witness about the witness’s prior statement, a party need not show it or disclose its contents to the witness. But the party must, on request, show it or disclose its contents to an adverse party’s attorney.
（a）在询问过程中出示或披露陈述。在就证人所作的先前陈述而对证人进行询问之时，当事人无需向证人出示该陈述或者向其披露该陈述的内容。但是根据请求，该当事人必须向对方当事人的律师出示该陈述或披露该陈述的内容。
(b) Extrinsic Evidence of a Prior Inconsistent Statement. Extrinsic evidence of a witness’s prior inconsistent statement is admissible only if the witness is given an opportunity to explain or deny the statement and an adverse party is given an opportunity to examine the witness about it, or if justice so requires. This subdivision (b) does not apply to an opposing party’s statement under Rule 801(d)(2).
（b）先前不一致陈述的外部证据。只有在为证人提供了对先前不一致陈述予以解释或者予以否定的机会，并且为对方当事人提供了就此询问该证人的机会的情况下，或者为了正义所要求的情况下，证人先前不一致陈述的外部证据才可采。（b）款并不适用于规则801（d）（2）所规定的对方当事人的陈述。
Rule 614 – Court’s Calling or Examining a Witness
(a) Calling. The court may call a witness on its own or at a party’s request. Each party is entitled to cross-examine the witness.
(b) Examining. The court may examine a witness regardless of who calls the witness.
(c) Objections. A party may object to the court’s calling or examining a witness either at that time or at the next opportunity when the jury is not present.
（a）传唤。法院可以自行或者根据当事人的请求传唤证人。所有的当事人都有权对该证人进行交叉询问。
（b）询问。无论是谁传唤的证人，法院都可以询问。
（c）异议。对于法院传唤或则会询问证人，当事人可以在当时或则会在陪审团不在场的下一个机会提出异议。
Rule 615 – Excluding Witnesses
At a party’s request, the court must order witnesses excluded so that they cannot hear other witnesses’ testimony. Or the court may do so on its own. But this rule does not authorize excluding:
根据当事人的要求，法院必须命令证人退庭，以使他们不能听到其他证人的证言。法院可以依职权作出该命令。本规则并不要求下列人员退庭：
(a) a party who is a natural person;
(b) an officer or employee of a party that is not a natural person, after being designated as the party’s representative by its attorney;
(c) a person whose presence a party shows to be essential to presenting the party’s claim or defense; or
(d) a person authorized by statute to be present.
（a）属自然人的当事人呢；
（b）非自然人当事人的律师指定为该当事人代表的该当事人的职员或者雇员；
（c）经一方当事人表明其在庭对于提出该当事人的起诉或者辩护而言很重要的人；或者
（d）制定法授权在场的人。
ARTICLE VII. OPINIONS AND EXPERT TESTIMONY
Rule 701 – Opinion Testimony by Lay Witnesses
If a witness is not testifying as an expert, testimony in the form of an opinion is limited to one that is:
(a) rationally based on the witness’s perception;
(b) helpful to clearly understanding the witness’s testimony or to determining a fact in issue; and
(c) not based on scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge within the scope of Rule 702.
如果证人不是作为专家而作证，其以意见形式作出的证言限于如下意见：
（a）合理地基于该证人的知觉；
（b）有助于对证人证言的清晰理解或者确定争议事实；并且
（c）不是基于规则702范围内的科学、技术或者其他专门知识。
Rule 702 – Testimony by Expert Witnesses
A witness who is qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education may testify in the form of an opinion or otherwise if:
在下列情况下，因知识、技能、经验、训练或者教育而具备专家资格的证人，可以以意见或者其他的形式就此作证：
(a) the expert’s scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will help the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue;
(b) the testimony is based on sufficient facts or data;
(c) the testimony is the product of reliable principles and methods; and
(d) the expert has reliably applied the principles and methods to the facts of the case.
（a）专家的科学、技术或者其他专门知识将会帮助事实审判者理解证据或者确定争议事实；
（b）证言基于充分的事实或者数据；
（c）证言是可靠地原理和方法的产物；以及
（d）专家将这些原理和方法可靠地适用于案件的事实。
Rule 703 – Bases of an Expert’s Opinion Testimony
An expert may base an opinion on facts or data in the case that the expert has been made aware of or personally observed. If experts in the particular field would reasonably rely on those kinds of facts or data in forming an opinion on the subject, they need not be admissible for the opinion to be admitted. But if the facts or data would otherwise be inadmissible, the proponent of the opinion may disclose them to the jury only if their probative value in helping the jury evaluate the opinion substantially outweighs their prejudicial effect.
专家意见所依据的事实或者数据，可以是该专家意识到或者亲身观察到的案件中的事实或者数据。如果特定领域的专家就某事项形成意见时将合理依赖那类事实或者数据，则该事实或者数据不需要具有可采性来使该意见被采纳。但是如果事实或者数据本来不可采，则只有在法院确定其在帮助陪审团评价意见方面的证明价值严重超过了其损害效果的情况下，意见提出者才可以将其披露给陪审团。
Rule 704 – Opinion on an Ultimate Issue
(a) In General — Not Automatically Objectionable. An opinion is not objectionable just because it embraces an 最终点ultimate issue.
(b) Exception. In a criminal case, an expert witness must not state an opinion about whether the defendant did or did not have a mental state or condition that constitutes an element of the crime charged or of a defense. Those matters are for the trier of fact alone.
（a）总则—不自动收到异议。意见并不仅仅因其包含有最终争点而受到异议。
（b）例外。在刑事案件中，专家证人不得就被告是否具有构成被指控犯罪因素或者辩护因素的精神状态或者状况陈述意见。这些事项仅由事实审判者认定。
Rule 705 – Disclosing the Facts or Data Underlying an Expert’s Opinion
规则705 专家意见所依据的事实或者数据的披露
Unless the court orders otherwise, an expert may state an opinion — and give the reasons for it — without first testifying to the underlying facts or data. But the expert may be required to disclose those facts or data on cross-examination.
除非法院另有指令，专家可以陈述意见，并说明作出该意见的理由，而不需要首先就所依据的事实或者数据作证。但是在交叉询问中，可以要求专家披露这些事实或者数据。
Rule 706 – Court-Appointed Expert Witnesses
(a) Appointment Process. On a party’s motion or on its own, the court may order the parties to show cause why expert witnesses should not be appointed and may ask the parties to submit nominations. The court may appoint any expert that the parties agree on and any of its own choosing. But the court may only appoint someone who consents to act.
（a）指定程序。法院可以根据当事人的动议或者自行决定，命令当事人说明为什么不应当指定专家证人的理由，并可以要求各方当事人提出提名。法院可以指定经各方当事人的同意的任何专家证人，也可以指定自行选择的专家证人。但是法院只能指定同意充任专家证人的人。
(b) Expert’s Role. The court must inform the expert of the expert’s duties. The court may do so in writing and have a copy filed with the clerk or may do so orally at a conference in which the parties have an opportunity to participate. The expert:
（b）专家的角色。法院必须告知专家职责。法院可以以书面形式进行该告知并将该通知复制件交法院书记官存档，或者在所有当事人都有机会参加的会议上口头告知上述职责。该专家：
(1) must advise the parties of any findings the expert makes;
(2) may be deposed by any party;
(3) may be called to testify by the court or any party; and
(4) may be cross-examined by any party, including the party that called the expert.
（1）必须就专家做出的任何研究结果告知当事人；
（2）可以为任何当事人所进行证言存录；
（3）可以为法院或者任何当事人传唤作证；以及
（4）可以为任何当事人交叉询问，包括传唤该专家的当事人。
(c) Compensation. The expert is entitled to a reasonable compensation, as set by the court. The compensation is payable as follows:
(1) in a criminal case or in a civil case involving just compensation under the Fifth Amendment, from any funds that are provided by law; and
(2) in any other civil case, by the parties in the proportion and at the time that the court directs — and the compensation is then charged like other costs.
（c）报偿。专家证人有权取得法院确定的合理报偿。该报偿的支付如下：
（1）在刑事案件和涉及宪法第五修正案规定的合理报偿的民事案件中，由法律规定的资金支付；以及
（2）在其他民事案件中，由当事人依法院规定的比例和时间支付，其支付方式与其他费用的支付方式相同。
(d) Disclosing the Appointment to the Jury. The court may authorize disclosure to the jury that the court appointed the expert.
(e) Parties’ Choice of Their Own Experts. This rule does not limit a party in calling its own experts.
（d）就指定对陪审团进行披露。法院可以就法院指定专家授权向陪审团进行披露。
（e）当事人选择自己的专家。本条规则并不限制当事人传唤其自己的专家。
Rule 103 – Rulings on Evidence规则103关于证据的裁定
Rule 104 – Preliminary Questions规则104预备性问题
Rule 105 – Limiting Evidence That Is Not Admissible Against Other Parties or for Other Purposes
规则105 对不能采纳来反对其他当事人或者用于其他目的之证据进行限制
Rule 106 – Remainder of or Related Writings or Recorded Statements
规则106 书写或者录制性陈述
Article II – Judicial Notice第二章
Rule 201. Judicial Notice of Adjudicative Facts 规则201对裁判性事实的司法认知
Article III – Presumptions in Civil Cases 第三章
Rule 301 – Presumptions in Civil Cases Generally规则301民事案件中推定的一般规定
Rule 302 – Applying State Law to Presumptions in Civil Cases
规则302就民事案件中的推定适用州法
Article IV – Relevance and its Limits 第四章
Rule 401 – Test for Relevant Evidence规则401相关证据的标准
Rule 402 – General Admissibility of Relevant Evidence
Rule 403 – Excluding Relevant Evidence for Prejudice, Confusion, Waste of Time, or Other Reasons
规则403因损害、混淆、浪费时间或者其他原因而排除相关证据
Rule 404. Character Evidence; Other Crimes, Wrongs or Acts
品行证据；其他犯罪、错误或行为
Rule 405 – Methods of Proving Character 规则405证明品性的方法
Rule 406 – Habit; Routine Practice规则406习惯；例行做法
Rule 407 – Subsequent Remedial Measures
Rule 408 – Compromise Offers and Negotiations规则408和解提议与谈判
Rule 409 – Offers to Pay Medical and Similar Expenses
规则409提议支付医疗费用与类似费用
Rule 410 – Pleas, Plea Discussions, and Related Statements
规则410答辩、答辩讨论与相关陈述
Rule 411 – Liability Insurance规则411责任保险
Rule 412 – Sex-Offense Cases: The Victim’s Sexual Behavior or Predisposition
规则412性犯罪案件：被害人的性行为或性怪癖
Rule 413 – Similar Crimes in Sexual-Assault Cases
规则413性侵犯案件中的类似犯罪
Rule 414 – Similar Crimes in Child Molestation Cases
规则414儿童性侵扰案件中的类似犯罪
Rule 415 – Similar Acts in Civil Cases Involving Sexual Assault or Child Molestation
规则415涉及性侵犯或者儿童性侵扰的民事案件中的类似行为
Article V – Privileges
Rule 501 – Privilege in General规则501特免权的一般规则
Rule 502 – Attorney-Client Privilege and Work Product; Limitations on Waiver
规则502律师—委托人特免权与工作成果；对弃权的限制
Article VI – Witnesses
Rule 601 – Competency to Testify in General规则601作证能力的一般规定
Rule 602 – Need for Personal Knowledge 规则602 缺乏亲身知识
Rule 603 – Oath or Affirmation to Testify Truthfully 规则603宣誓或者郑重声明将如实作证
Rule 604 – Interpreter规则604译员
Rule 605 – Judge’s Competency as a Witness
Rule 606 – Juror’s Competency as a Witness 规则606陪审员充任证人的能力
Rule 607 – Who May Impeach a Witness
Rule 608 – A Witness’s Character for Truthfulness or Untruthfulness
规则608证人诚实与否的品性
Article VII – Opinions and Expert Testimony 第七章 意见与专家证言
Article VIII – Hearsay 第八章传闻
Rule 801- Definitions That Apply to This Article; Exclusions from Hearsay
规则801适用于本章的定义；传闻排除
Rule 802 – The Rule Against Hearsay 规则802反对传闻规则
Article X – Contents of Writings, Recordings, and Photographs
第十章书写品、录制品和摄影的内容
Article XI – Miscellaneous Rules 第十一章 其他规则
部分章节示例如下：
Rule 611 – Mode and Order of Examining Witnesses and Presenting Evidence
规则611 询问证人和提出证据的方式和顺序
(a) Control by the Court; Purposes. The court should exercise reasonable control over the mode and order of examining witnesses and presenting evidence so as to:
(1) make those procedures effective for determining the truth;
(2) avoid wasting time; and
(3) protect witnesses from harassment or undue embarrassment.
（a）法院控制；目的。法院应当对询问证人和提出证据的方式和顺序予以合理控制，以做到：
（1）使这些程序能有效地确定真相；
（2）避免浪费时间；以及
（3）保护证人免受骚扰或者不当困窘。
(b) Scope of Cross-Examination. Cross-examination should not go beyond the subject matter of the direct examination and matters affecting the witness’s credibility. The court may allow inquiry into additional matters as if on direct examination.
(c) Leading Questions. Leading questions should not be used on direct examination except as necessary to develop the witness’s testimony. Ordinarily, the court should allow leading questions:
(1) on cross-examination; and
(2) when a party calls a hostile witness, an adverse party, or a witness identified with an adverse party.
（b）交叉询问的范围。交叉询问不应当超越直接询问的主题及影响证人可信性之事项。法院可以允许像在直接询问中那样对额外事项进行查问。
（c）诱导性问题。在直接询问中不应当使用诱导性问题，除非为展开证人证言所必需。在下列情况下，法院通常应当允许提出诱导性问题：
（1）交叉询问时；以及
（2）一方传唤敌意证人、对方当事人或者与对方当事人认同之证人时。
Rule 612 – Writing Used to Refresh a Witness’s Memory
(a) Scope. This rule gives an adverse party certain options when a witness uses a writing to refresh memory:
(1) while testifying; or
(2) before testifying, if the court decides that justice requires the party to have those options.
（a）范围。在下列情况下证人使用书写品来刷新记忆时，本条规则为对方当事人提供了某些选项：
（1）在作证时；或者
（2）在作证前，如果法院确定正义要求当事人有这些选项时。
(b) Adverse Party’s Options; Deleting Unrelated Matter. Unless 18 U.S.C. § 3500 provides otherwise in a criminal case, an adverse party is entitled to have the writing produced at the hearing, to inspect it, to cross-examine the witness about it, and to introduce in evidence any portion that relates to the witness’s testimony. If the producing party claims that the writing includes unrelated matter, the court must examine the writing in camera, delete any unrelated portion, and order that the rest be delivered to the adverse party. Any portion deleted over objection must be preserved for the record.
（b）对方当事人的选项；删除不相关的事项。除非《美国法典》第18编第3500条就刑事案件另有规定，对方当事人有权要求在听证时出示该书写品，有权对该书写品进行检查，有权就该书写品对该证人进行交叉询问，并且有权把其中与证人证言有关的任何部分提出作为证据。如果出示该书写作品的当事人宣称该书写品包含无关事项，则法院必须对该书写品进行秘密审查，删除任何无关部分，并命令把剩余部分交给对方当事人。不顾异议而删除的部分必须留存在卷。
(c) Failure to Produce or Deliver the Writing. If a writing is not produced or is not delivered as ordered, the court may issue any appropriate order. But if the prosecution does not comply in a criminal case, the court must strike the witness’s testimony or — if justice so requires — declare a mistrial.
（c）未能出示或移交书写品。如果没有出示或者按照上述命令移交书写品，法院可以发出任何适当的命令。但是如果在刑事案件中检控方不遵守上述命令，则法院必须取消该证言，或者为正义利益所要求的情况下，宣布审判无效。
Rule 613 – Witness’s Prior Statement
(a) Showing or Disclosing the Statement During Examination. When examining a witness about the witness’s prior statement, a party need not show it or disclose its contents to the witness. But the party must, on request, show it or disclose its contents to an adverse party’s attorney.
（a）在询问过程中出示或披露陈述。在就证人所作的先前陈述而对证人进行询问之时，当事人无需向证人出示该陈述或者向其披露该陈述的内容。但是根据请求，该当事人必须向对方当事人的律师出示该陈述或披露该陈述的内容。
(b) Extrinsic Evidence of a Prior Inconsistent Statement. Extrinsic evidence of a witness’s prior inconsistent statement is admissible only if the witness is given an opportunity to explain or deny the statement and an adverse party is given an opportunity to examine the witness about it, or if justice so requires. This subdivision (b) does not apply to an opposing party’s statement under Rule 801(d)(2).
（b）先前不一致陈述的外部证据。只有在为证人提供了对先前不一致陈述予以解释或者予以否定的机会，并且为对方当事人提供了就此询问该证人的机会的情况下，或者为了正义所要求的情况下，证人先前不一致陈述的外部证据才可采。（b）款并不适用于规则801（d）（2）所规定的对方当事人的陈述。
Rule 614 – Court’s Calling or Examining a Witness
(a) Calling. The court may call a witness on its own or at a party’s request. Each party is entitled to cross-examine the witness.
(b) Examining. The court may examine a witness regardless of who calls the witness.
(c) Objections. A party may object to the court’s calling or examining a witness either at that time or at the next opportunity when the jury is not present.
（a）传唤。法院可以自行或者根据当事人的请求传唤证人。所有的当事人都有权对该证人进行交叉询问。
（b）询问。无论是谁传唤的证人，法院都可以询问。
（c）异议。对于法院传唤或则会询问证人，当事人可以在当时或则会在陪审团不在场的下一个机会提出异议。
Rule 615 – Excluding Witnesses
At a party’s request, the court must order witnesses excluded so that they cannot hear other witnesses’ testimony. Or the court may do so on its own. But this rule does not authorize excluding:
根据当事人的要求，法院必须命令证人退庭，以使他们不能听到其他证人的证言。法院可以依职权作出该命令。本规则并不要求下列人员退庭：
(a) a party who is a natural person;
(b) an officer or employee of a party that is not a natural person, after being designated as the party’s representative by its attorney;
(c) a person whose presence a party shows to be essential to presenting the party’s claim or defense; or
(d) a person authorized by statute to be present.
（a）属自然人的当事人呢；
（b）非自然人当事人的律师指定为该当事人代表的该当事人的职员或者雇员；
（c）经一方当事人表明其在庭对于提出该当事人的起诉或者辩护而言很重要的人；或者
（d）制定法授权在场的人。
ARTICLE VII. OPINIONS AND EXPERT TESTIMONY
Rule 701 – Opinion Testimony by Lay Witnesses
If a witness is not testifying as an expert, testimony in the form of an opinion is limited to one that is:
(a) rationally based on the witness’s perception;
(b) helpful to clearly understanding the witness’s testimony or to determining a fact in issue; and
(c) not based on scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge within the scope of Rule 702.
如果证人不是作为专家而作证，其以意见形式作出的证言限于如下意见：
（a）合理地基于该证人的知觉；
（b）有助于对证人证言的清晰理解或者确定争议事实；并且
（c）不是基于规则702范围内的科学、技术或者其他专门知识。
Rule 702 – Testimony by Expert Witnesses
A witness who is qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education may testify in the form of an opinion or otherwise if:
在下列情况下，因知识、技能、经验、训练或者教育而具备专家资格的证人，可以以意见或者其他的形式就此作证：
(a) the expert’s scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will help the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue;
(b) the testimony is based on sufficient facts or data;
(c) the testimony is the product of reliable principles and methods; and
(d) the expert has reliably applied the principles and methods to the facts of the case.
（a）专家的科学、技术或者其他专门知识将会帮助事实审判者理解证据或者确定争议事实；
（b）证言基于充分的事实或者数据；
（c）证言是可靠地原理和方法的产物；以及
（d）专家将这些原理和方法可靠地适用于案件的事实。
Rule 703 – Bases of an Expert’s Opinion Testimony
An expert may base an opinion on facts or data in the case that the expert has been made aware of or personally observed. If experts in the particular field would reasonably rely on those kinds of facts or data in forming an opinion on the subject, they need not be admissible for the opinion to be admitted. But if the facts or data would otherwise be inadmissible, the proponent of the opinion may disclose them to the jury only if their probative value in helping the jury evaluate the opinion substantially outweighs their prejudicial effect.
专家意见所依据的事实或者数据，可以是该专家意识到或者亲身观察到的案件中的事实或者数据。如果特定领域的专家就某事项形成意见时将合理依赖那类事实或者数据，则该事实或者数据不需要具有可采性来使该意见被采纳。但是如果事实或者数据本来不可采，则只有在法院确定其在帮助陪审团评价意见方面的证明价值严重超过了其损害效果的情况下，意见提出者才可以将其披露给陪审团。
Rule 704 – Opinion on an Ultimate Issue
(a) In General — Not Automatically Objectionable. An opinion is not objectionable just because it embraces an 最终点ultimate issue.
(b) Exception. In a criminal case, an expert witness must not state an opinion about whether the defendant did or did not have a mental state or condition that constitutes an element of the crime charged or of a defense. Those matters are for the trier of fact alone.
（a）总则—不自动收到异议。意见并不仅仅因其包含有最终争点而受到异议。
（b）例外。在刑事案件中，专家证人不得就被告是否具有构成被指控犯罪因素或者辩护因素的精神状态或者状况陈述意见。这些事项仅由事实审判者认定。
Rule 705 – Disclosing the Facts or Data Underlying an Expert’s Opinion
规则705 专家意见所依据的事实或者数据的披露
Unless the court orders otherwise, an expert may state an opinion — and give the reasons for it — without first testifying to the underlying facts or data. But the expert may be required to disclose those facts or data on cross-examination.
除非法院另有指令，专家可以陈述意见，并说明作出该意见的理由，而不需要首先就所依据的事实或者数据作证。但是在交叉询问中，可以要求专家披露这些事实或者数据。
Rule 706 – Court-Appointed Expert Witnesses
(a) Appointment Process. On a party’s motion or on its own, the court may order the parties to show cause why expert witnesses should not be appointed and may ask the parties to submit nominations. The court may appoint any expert that the parties agree on and any of its own choosing. But the court may only appoint someone who consents to act.
（a）指定程序。法院可以根据当事人的动议或者自行决定，命令当事人说明为什么不应当指定专家证人的理由，并可以要求各方当事人提出提名。法院可以指定经各方当事人的同意的任何专家证人，也可以指定自行选择的专家证人。但是法院只能指定同意充任专家证人的人。
(b) Expert’s Role. The court must inform the expert of the expert’s duties. The court may do so in writing and have a copy filed with the clerk or may do so orally at a conference in which the parties have an opportunity to participate. The expert:
（b）专家的角色。法院必须告知专家职责。法院可以以书面形式进行该告知并将该通知复制件交法院书记官存档，或者在所有当事人都有机会参加的会议上口头告知上述职责。该专家：
(1) must advise the parties of any findings the expert makes;
(2) may be deposed by any party;
(3) may be called to testify by the court or any party; and
(4) may be cross-examined by any party, including the party that called the expert.
（1）必须就专家做出的任何研究结果告知当事人；
（2）可以为任何当事人所进行证言存录；
（3）可以为法院或者任何当事人传唤作证；以及
（4）可以为任何当事人交叉询问，包括传唤该专家的当事人。
(c) Compensation. The expert is entitled to a reasonable compensation, as set by the court. The compensation is payable as follows:
(1) in a criminal case or in a civil case involving just compensation under the Fifth Amendment, from any funds that are provided by law; and
(2) in any other civil case, by the parties in the proportion and at the time that the court directs — and the compensation is then charged like other costs.
（c）报偿。专家证人有权取得法院确定的合理报偿。该报偿的支付如下：
（1）在刑事案件和涉及宪法第五修正案规定的合理报偿的民事案件中，由法律规定的资金支付；以及
（2）在其他民事案件中，由当事人依法院规定的比例和时间支付，其支付方式与其他费用的支付方式相同。
(d) Disclosing the Appointment to the Jury. The court may authorize disclosure to the jury that the court appointed the expert.
(e) Parties’ Choice of Their Own Experts. This rule does not limit a party in calling its own experts.
（d）就指定对陪审团进行披露。法院可以就法院指定专家授权向陪审团进行披露。
（e）当事人选择自己的专家。本条规则并不限制当事人传唤其自己的专家。