“肯定形式”表示“否定含义”三种形式
2016-06-07 12:15阅读：
在日常交流中，直接的否定在表达情感和观点时显得浅显易懂，尽管它们有的时候并不那么符合语法要求。比如，好久不见(long
time no see);或者，没钱什么都不行(no money, no
good);再比如，世上最快乐的人未必拥有最好的东西，他们只是使身边的一切跟随自己的意愿。(The
happiest of people don’t necessarily have the best of everything; they
just make the most of everything that comes along their
way.)
而含蓄的否定因为没有明显的否定词语，使得否定的情感和态度在表达时更加委婉得体。比如，一无所知
(be in the
dark);又如，眼不见，心不烦(out of sight, out of
mind);再如，不知所措(be at a
loss)。这些表达不禁让我们想起这样一句话：委婉并晦涩着!想要真正领悟这些委婉的否定表达，需要理解英语的思维方式、文化背景和生活习惯。在这里，我们仅仅针对今年高考北京卷阅读理解来学习这种频繁出现的语言形式——以委婉(肯定)形式表达否定含义的现象。
形式一：几乎不，几乎没有(hardly, seldom, few,
little)
例1：(2009北京，A)
①When we were
leaving I thought about all the places I was going to see--the
strange and magical places I had known only from books and
pictures. ②The country I was leaving never to come back was
hardly in my head then.
题目：
Upon leaving for
America the author felt _____.
A. confused B.
excited C. worried D. amazed
第二句中hardly表明作者即将离开的国家几乎不会出现在脑海中，结合第一句很容易判断出来，作者对目的地充满了期待和憧憬。所以，此题正确答案是B。
例2：(2010北京，
A)
①She was so
unsettled during those first few days.
②She hardly ate
anything and had such an air of sadness about
her.
题目：
In her first few
days at the author’s house, Goldie_____.
A. felt worried
B. was angry C. ate a little D. sat by the fire
第二句中hardly表明Goldie几乎什么都不吃而且感到很忧伤。C选项中a
little表明Goldie吃了一些东西，与文章矛盾，排除。B和D未提及，也排除，A选项自然浮现。如果同学们根据词根词缀的知识，能够理解单词unsettled是否定词缀un-和settled(安定的)组合在一起的意思，即为“不安的”意思，此题亦可轻松选出A项。可见，积累常见否定词根词缀的意义在高考阅读中非常明显。
例3：
①The days of the
hunter are almost over in India.
②This is partly
be-cause there is practically nothing left to kill, and partly
because some steps have been taken, mainly by banning
tiger-shooting, to protect those animals which still
survive.
题目：
There is no more
hunting in India now partly because_____.
A. it is
dangerous to hunt there
B. hunting is
already out of date
C. hunters want
to protect animals
D. there are few
animals left to hunt
第二句说明结束打猎的两个原因，一方面没有什么动物可以猎杀，另一方面相关法律的颁布保护了动物，免于猎杀。只有D选项中的few表明几乎没有动物可以猎杀，是原文中nothing的完美对应，所以正解为D。
形式二：而不是(raher than, instead of)
例1：(2009北京，E)
①Choose a
campsite with privacy and minimum influence on others and the
environment. ② Try to use an area where people have obviously
camped before rather than creating a new spot.
题目：
The author thinks
that a good campsite is one_____.
A. with easy
access
B. used
previously
C. with modern
conveniences
D. far away from
beaches
第二句中rather
than表明选择营地时要使用人们之前用过的地方而不是创造一个新的营地。答案非常明确B。
例2：(2005北京，B)
●power tools
rather than having to use
muscle(肌肉)power
题目：
Which of the
following describes a well-designed tool?
A.
It’s
kept close to the body.
B. It fully uses
muscle power.
C. It makes users
feel relaxed.
D.
It’s
operated with less force.
如果理解了rather
than表示否定意义，那么在运用排除法做这道题时，B选项可以轻易排除。如果要得出正解，必须结合文中其它信息，此处只要理解rather
than表示而不是即可。
例3：(2005北京，D)
①Actually, we
will save endangered species only if we save their habitats and put
an end to the reasons people kill them.
②Instead of
supporting zoos, we should support groups that work to protect
animals’ natural habitats.
题目：
What does the
author try to argue in the passage?
A. Zoos are not
worth the public support.
B. Zoos fail in
their attempt to save animals.
C. Zoos should
treat animals as human beings.
D. Zoos use
animals as a means of entertainment.
在第二句中，作者使用instead
of表达了不要支持动物园的意思，那么A选项正是这一句的同义改写，当选。这是一道主旨题，必然要结合其它信息选择，此处不再赘述。
形式三：免于(prevent…from…,
protect…from…,
keep…from…,
fre
