定语从句详解
2010-09-10 08:48阅读：
一、定语可以由形容词、代词、数词、名词、分词、不定式、介词短语等来担任，修饰名词。(以分词、介词短语为例）
例： 1）The girl behind the tree
is Kate. 2）The man driving too fast was a
drunk.
二、先行词和关系词
先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。
先行词、关系词/引导词
That is the bike which my father bought for me.
关系词的作用：既引导定语从句，又在定语从句中充当某种成分。
三、引导定语从句的关系词
指代人
who，whom，that；指代事物which，that；所属关系
whose，of which
指地点where；指时间when；指原因why
四、关系代词如何引导定语从句
普通代词与关系代词的区别 : I have a sister. She works in
Shanghai. she代替 sister
I have a sister who/that works in Shanghai.
普通代词：只起代替的作用（如上例she);
关系代词：（如上例who/which）
1. 除了代替先行词外，
2.它还在定语从句中担任一定的成分，3.
同时连接先行词与它引导的定语从句。（把主句和从句连起来）如:The building is our school.
+ The building stands by the river.= The building which/that stands
by the river is our school. which、that
是关系代词，它在从句中代替先行词the building,
同时担任从句中的主语，也起连词的作用，把两个简单句连接 起来.
关系代词的使用取决于先行词，它们的关系非常密切，因为关系代词在定语从句中代替主句中的先行词，所以它在一般情况下都跟在先行词之后，而且它的人称、数必须和先行词一致。
The woman that/who is speaking at the meeting is my
mother.
(主句) The woman is my mother.
(从句)The woman is speaking at the meeting.
The women that/who are speaking at the meeting are famous
scientists.
(主句)The women are famous scientists.
(从句)The women are speaking at the
meeting.
关系词判 断 步 骤
:首先，要辨别出先行词。如果先行词是指人,关系词可能就用who,that,whom,whose。如果先行词指物,关系词可能用which或that,然后，要确定关系词在从句中的成分。请看下表
先行词
|
主格
|
宾格
|
所有格
|
人
|
who,that
|
who(m),that
|
whose
|
物
|
which,that
|
which,that
|
whose,of which
|
最后，要确定关系代词的人称和数(请看以上例句)
注意: 定语从句的时态不受主句的限制。
.
The woman who/that spoke at the meeting yesterday
is my mother.
(主句)The woman is my
mother.(叙述客观事实用一般现在时)
(从句)The woman(who/that) spoke at the meeting
yesterday.
(句中yesterday表示过去时间)
定语从句的辨认（思考步骤） 找出先行词;
确定在从句中关系代词的人称、数和性;确定定语从句的位置;确定关系代词在从句中的成分以确定关系代词的格;确定从句的时态（定语从句的时态都不受主句的限制）;
关系代词的使用方法：定语从句常用的关系代词有：
that
、who(m)、whose、which等。
1.
that多指物，在从句中作主语或作动词的宾语。（that/which作宾语时可省.）
1)
A plane is a machine that can fly.A plane is a machine
which can fly.
2)
Who was hurt in the accident that happened
yesterday? Who was hurt in the accident which happened
yesterday?
3)
Have you found the bike that you lost? Have you
found the bike which you lost?Have you found the bike you
lost?
2. which 指物,在从句中作主语或宾语。作主语不可省略;作宾语可以省略(
which
与
that 指物时可以互相代替，
that 更常见。）
1)
His father works in a factory that makes TV sets. His father
works in a factory which makes TV sets.
2)
The film that we saw last night was very wonderful.The film
which we saw last night was very wonderful.
The film we saw last night was very wonderful.
3. who 指人(既它的先行词必须是人),在从句中作主语或宾语。但
whom
是宾格,只能作宾语。(
that有时也指人.代替
who,whom,可作主语或宾语)
1)
The girls who weren’t badly hurt in the accident are my
classmates.
The girls that weren’t badly hurt in the accident are my
classmates.
2)
He knew the teacher who we met yesterday.He knew the teacher
whom we met yesterday. He knew the teacher (that) we met
yesterday.
4.whose 是代词的所有格形式, 它既可以代人也可以代物。
I saw a woman . Her bag was stolen .--I saw a woman whose bag
was stolen.
Please show me the book . Its cover is red.--Please show me the
book whose cover is red.
I’ll call a person. His father knows you.--I’ll call a person
whose father knows you.
I can’t find the house .My friend lives in it.--I can’t find the
house whose friend lives in it.
关系代词与介词：介词放在关系代词的前面时,介词宾语只能用which代物,和whom代人。(介词在末尾时,关系词可以省略)
1)
This is the hero( whom) we are proud of. This is the hero of
whom we are proud .This is the hero(that) we are proud of
.
2)
She is the girl whom I went with there. She is the girl with
whom I went there.She is the girl that I went with there.
She is the girl I went with there.
注意:
固定动介词组不可分割,介词不能提前.例如:look
after,look at …
3 )The room (that) I live in is very big. The room
(which) I live in is very big.The room in which I live is very
big.
The room where I live is very big.
4).I want to find the pen (that) I wrote the letter with. I want
to find the pen (which) I wrote the letter with.
I want to find the pen with which I wrote the
letter.
四、定语从句中需注意事项
有些情况下只用关系词that,而不宜用which
1.从句所修饰的词又被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时,只能用that引导从句.
This is the most interesting story( that )I have ever
heard.
The first meeting( that) we will take part in will be held in
the afternoon.
2.先行词是all,something,nothing,anything不定代词时,只能用that.
Here is something( that) I will tell you. Not all that glitters
is gold.
3.先行词既有人也有物时,只能用that引出从句
I can remember well the persons and some pictures(that) I
see.
4.先行词是one of,the one, 或用little,few,
no, all,any 作修饰，用that
Is it the one that you want ? We haven’t got much that
we can offer you.
5.当主句已有疑问词
who或which时，关系词用that
Which is the bike that you lost? Who is the woman that
was praised at the meeting?
从例句中看出，who、that在许多情况下可以通用，但有时宜用
用who,而不用that
1.先行词是one(s),anyone,someone,
those时，关系词使用who
Those who want to go to the Great Wall sign up here. One
who has nothing to fear oneself dares to tell the truth.
2.在there be
句型中，先行词指人,关系词用who
There is an old man who wants to see you. There are many young
men who are against him.
五、关系副词 关系副词是用来引导定语从句的，它和关系代词一样，具有数种作用。
在从句中代替先行词；在句中作状语；连接作用，把两个句子连接成为一个带有定语从句的复合句。
关系副词有三种：
where:在从句中作地点状语,指代地点. (
on/in/at…which)=that
when: 在从句中作时间状语,指代时间。(on/
in…which)=that
why:
在从句中作原因状语,指代原因。
关系副词的用法：
1.where 的用法：(先行词应是地点名词）
The hotel wasn’t clean. + We stayed =The hotel where we
stayed wasn’t clean.＝The hotel at which we stayed
wasn’t clean.＝The hotel which we stayed at wasn’t
clean＝The hotel we stayed at wasn’t clean .
2.when的用法（先行词应是表示时间的名词）
I’ll never forget the day. + I joined the League on that day.
=I’ll never forget the day that I joined the
League.(口语) =I’ll never forget the
day on which I joined the League .=I’ll never forget the day
when I joined the League.
3.why的用法： ( 表示原因的名词)
The reason why I’m calling you is to invite you to
a party. =The reason that I’m calling you is to invite you to a
party =The reason 略I’m calling you is to invite you
to a party
在口语中,关系副词where、when、why
常被that 代替,也可省略
单项选择。
1. This is the job ___they laughed at. A.which
B.as C.it D.who
2. Beihai Park is a beautiful park____built about 300 years ago.
A.where was B.that were C.which was D.where
3. Who was the grey-haired man ___at yesterday’s meeting?A.we
saw him B.we saw C.we saw who D.she was seen
4. The man ______is painting the house is my uncle. A.he B.whom
C.whose D.who
5. What is the animal ____baby is sleeping in its pocket? A.who
B.whose C.its D.which
6. This book is for the students ____native language isn’t
English. A.that B.of whom C.whose
D.who’s
7. The robbers shouted, “Hands up!I’ll shoot anyone
______moves!” A.whom B.that C.who
D.whose
8.The dictionary____he paid 50 yuan for is very useful. A.which
B.for which C.on which D.about which
9The boy_____parents died two years ago lives with his grandpa
now.A.whose B.who C.his D/
10.The man________is smoking is a tailor. A.whom B.who C.which
D.what
11—Which animal is your favourite? —The one ______has a long
neck.A.which B.that C.it D.who
12.Is this the factory _____produces colour TV sets? A.what
B./ C.which D.where
13.The high building ______is a big hotel.
A.that he is looking B.which he is looking C.we
are looking at D.at that we are looking
14Is there anyone ___ can answer this question? A.which
B.whom C.who D.he
15.In the afternoon we’ll visit the high school ______is very
famous here.A.which B.where C.it D./
16.The fox ___the chickens were killed was shot. A.that
B.which C.for that D.by which
17.The computer____can store a lot of information is widely used
today.A.in which B.that C.with which D.where
18.Is this the bookstore_______you visited yesterday? A.that
B.where C.in which D.the one
19.Yesterday they saw the man and the dog_____ran after each
other on the road. A.who B.which C.that
D.as
20.Shanghai is the place in _____he was born. A.which
B.what C.whose D.that
21.—Do you know the man ______is painting the house?
—Of course.He’s my uncle. A. whom B.who
C.which D.whose
22.The hospital _____was built last year will open soon. A.where
B.which C.who D./
23.This is the elephant ______left ear was shot. A.who
B.that C.its D.whose
24.The hospital ____his father works in is a new one. A.that
B.in that C.in which D.where
25.I don’t like the way _____ you speak to your mother. A. that
B. in which C. / D. all the above
26.The man _____watch was stolen is talking to the police. A.his
B.who C.who’s D.whose
27The knife_____I cut the apple______can’t be found. A.which,in
B.which ,with C.that ,by D.that ,for
28.Who has taken the dictionary______ cover is
broken？A.which B.that C.who D.whose
29.Who is the girl to ______you just now
talked？A.who B.whom C.that D.whose
30.This is the book_________I’m looking for. A./
B.which C.that D.all the above
31This is the only book ________I bought last year. A.which
B.that C.what D.Both A and B
32.All__________I’m going to do is good. A.that
B.which C.what D.Both A and B
33.The building_______roof we can see is a hospital. A.whose
B.which C.who’s D.at which
34.This is the best book______I have read. A .that B. which
C.what D.Both A and B
35.This is the school____ I worked seven years ago. A.in which
B.in that C.which D. that
36.All the books_____I put on the desk are yours.A.that
B.which C.what D.Both A and B
37.It’s quite different from_____I saw last mouth. A.which
B.the one C that D. the one what
38.Is this the river______I can swim? A.which B.that
C.in which D.the one
39.Watch the old lady and her dog____ are crossing the street.
A. which B. that C .who D.they
40.Can you lend me the dictionary___the other day?
A.that you bought B.you bought it C.that you
bought it D.which you bought it
41.The church ____we saw by the river was built a century ago.
A.where B.which C.what D.in which
42.Do you know who is living in that house _____ windows face
south? A.whose B.which C which of D.its
43.Anyone ____with what I said may put up you hands. A. which
agrees B.who agree C.who agrees D.which agree
44This is the last time ____I’ll give you a lesson.
A.when B.that C.what D.as
45.I don’t think the number of people_____ this happens is very
large. A.who B.to whom C.to which D.that
46.Here is the dress____ in the shop window. A.You saw
it B.that you saw it C.that saw it D.you saw
47.I was the only person in my office_____was invited. A.who
B.whom C which D.what
48.The man ______hair is yellow is the thief. A.who B.whose
C.that D.which
49.This is the most beautiful bird ______________I have ever
seen. A.which B .that C.who D.whose
50.The person to_______you talked is our maths teacher. A.which
B.whose C.that D.
whom
as 引导限制性定语从句时，先行词常有such 和 the
same 修饰，as
在从句中不省略。as也常修饰整个句子，可放在句末，甚至句中或句首。
For example:
He has bought the same type of bike as I have .
Such teachers as know Tom think him bright
六、非限制性定语从句和先行词关系不紧密用逗号和主句分开,另译作一句,作为一种补充说明即使去掉从句，主句的意思仍然清楚而限制性定语从句和先行词关系紧密从句不能去掉,如果去掉意思就不清楚且主句和从句之间无逗号一般译在先行词前面。
除that不可以引导非限制性定语从句外其他关系代词和关系副词均可引导非限制性定语从句。
All the books，which have pictures have been sent
to them.
He has a brother who is a
doctor.他有一个当医生的兄弟。（也许不止一个兄弟）
He has a brother ,who is a doctor.他有个兄弟，他是一个医生
which在所引导的非限制性定语从句，有时可以修饰整个主句即代替主句的意义。
The examination has been put off，which is what we
want.考试被推迟了，这正是我们希望的。
Mary was late again ,which made her teacher
angry.玛丽又迟到了，这使她的老师非常生气。
（acbdb/ccaab/bccca/dbaca/bbdad/dbdbd/baaaa/abcba/bacbb/dabbd）
