英语专业四级语法与词汇之时态、语态以及主谓一致
2010-03-04 20:04阅读：
英语专业四级语法与词汇之时态、语态以及主谓一致
1. 时态
1）在由until （till, up to）now, so far, up to the present, by now
等短语作状语的句子中常用现在完成时。
2）在It/That was the first (second…) time
that…句型中，常用过去完成时。
3）现在进行时同频度副词always, continually, constantly,
forever等连用，表示经常或具有持续性的事情， 或表示不满或抱怨情绪等。
过去进行时也可同这些副词连用，表示某种感情色彩。
He is always boasting. 他老爱说大话。 （表示厌恶）
4）将来进行时表示的是在将来某一时间正在进行的动作， 常表示安排好的事，
给人一种期待之感。也可以表示预料不久要发生的动作，由shall/will+be+v.-ing构成。
We shall be having a business talk with Mr. Brown in a
minute.
我们一会儿将要和布朗先生进行业务谈判。
5）将来完成时表示将来某时刻或某一行为发生之前所完成的动作，
也可用于在谈及未来的假设和可能的推测时。由will/shall+have +过去分词构成。 例如：
We hope it will have stopped raining before we set off for
the picnic.
我们希望在出发去野餐以前雨就已经停了。
6）现在完成进行时， 用来表示一个动作从过去某时开始， 一直延续到说话时还在继续或刚刚结束，
由have/h
as been + v. –ing 构成。
7）“过去完成时+动词不定式”可表示过去未曾实现的希望、打算或意图， 通常只用于下列动词：hope, intend,
mean, suppose, want等等。 例如：
I had intended to come over to see you last night, but
someone called and I couldn’t get away.
昨天我本想来看你的， 但有人来找， 脱不开身。
2. 语态
1）英语中有些动词后加某些副词， 用主动语态表示被动语义。 常用的这类动词有：
wash, write, sell, lock, shut, clean, wear等等。 例如：
This kind of cloth washes very well. 这种布很耐洗。
2）want, deserve, need, worth, require
等动词后用动名词的主动语态表示被动意义。在这类动词后既可接动名词也可接不定式的被动语态作宾语（worth 除外）。
The shoes need mending. / The shoes need to be mended.
鞋需要修一下。
3）当不定式作表语（或宾补）形容词的状语， 又与句中的主语（或宾语）有逻辑上的动宾关系时，虽然不定式有被动意义，但只能用主动形式。
例如：
We found the subject hard to understand. 我们发现这个题目很难理解。
4）有些及物动词不能用于被动结构。 这类及物动词有：lack, beg, contain, cost, equal fail,
fit, have, hold, possess, resemble等等。
5）使役动词make, have及感官动词see, hear, notice, feel, observe, listen to
在主动语态中， 后面跟省去to的不定式作宾语补足语，但当这些动词变成被动语态时， 要加上to。 例如：
The boss made the secretary work overtime.
The secretary was made to work overtime.
3. 主谓一致
1）主语是由more than one…或many a…构成， 尽管从意义上看是复数， 但谓语动词仍采用单数形式。例如：
More than one person was involved in the case. 不止一个人牵涉在这个案子中。
2）当主语后面跟由with, together with, along with, like, in addition to, as
well as, as much as, rather than, more than, no less than,
except等连接的词组时， 其谓语动词不受这些词组影响， 应依这些词组前面的主语的单复数形式而定。
An expert, together with some assistants, was sent to help in this
work.
一位专家和几位助手被派去协助这项工作。
3）each…and each…, every…and every…, no…and
no…等作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：
No teacher and no student was here. 没有一个老师和学生在这里。
4）or, either…or…, neither…nor…, not only…but (also)…等连接的并列成分作主语时，
根据就近一致的原则处理。 如：
Neither my wife nor I myself am able to persuade my daughter to
change her mind.
我和我爱人都无法说服我的女儿改变主意。
5）all/ most/half/enough/some/the rest/the
remainder等+of…短语作主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式由of后面的部分决定。 例如：
When enough of the tree is chopped away, the tree falls.
如果一棵树砍去足够多的部分， 数就会倒下。
Enough of the data have been collected. 已经收集了足够的数据。
时态、语态以及主谓一致历年专业四级真题
1. In his plays Shakespeare _____ his characters live
through their language. (2008)
A. would make B. had made
C. made D. makes
2. The committee has anticipated the problems that ______ in
the road construction project.(2007)
A. arise B. will arise
C. arose
D. have arisen
3. To his astonishment, he saw a rope ladder ______ out and
three men climbing down it. (1995)
A. throwing B. being thrown
C. having thrown D. having
been thrown
4. The student said there were a few points in the essay he
_______ impossible to comprehend. (1995)
A. had found B. finds
C. has found
D. would find
5. Mr. White works for a chemical import-export company, but
he _____ for this industrial fairs, since he is on leave.
(1997)
A. has worked B. works
C. has been working D. is
working
6. All the President’s Men ______ one of the important books
for historians who study the Watergate Scandal. (2007)
A. remain B. remains
C. remained D. is
remaining
7. He would have finished his college education, but he
______ to quit and find a job to support his family. (2007)
A. had had B. has C. had
D. would have
8. The research requires more money than _______.
(2007)
A. have been put in B. has been put in
C. being put in D.
to be put in
9. The statistics ______ that living standards in the area
have improved drastically in recent times. (2006)
A. proves B. is proving
C. are proving D. prove
10. James has just arrived, but I didn’t know he _______
until yesterday. (2005)
A. will come B. was coming
C. had been coming D. came
11. It is futile to discuss the matter further, because
______ going to agree upon anything today. (2003)
A. neither you nor I are B. neither
you nor me is
C. neither you nor I am D.
neither me nor you are
12. _______ conscious of my moral obligations as a citizen.
(2005)
A. I was and always will be
B. I have to be and always will be
C. I had been and always will be D. I have
been and always will be
13. Jack ______ from home for two days now, and I am
beginning to worry about his safety. (2003)
A. has been missing B. has been missed
C. had been missing D. was
missed
KEY: 1——5：D B B A D 6—10：B C B D B
11—13：C D A
（参考
单小明， 英语专业4级考试完型、语法与词汇）
