分析心理学
2023-05-07 01:58阅读：
ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY, is a point of view
developed by Carl Gustav Jung, who in 1912 broke away from Sigmund
Freud and established his own system. Jung broadened the concept of
the libido (psychic energy) to include all drives that led to the
creative aims of the individual, not merely the sexual instinct.
Whereas Freud’s theory is said to be retrospective (that is, the
roots of maladjustments lie in the early childhood of the patient’s
life), the Jungian analyst is concerned with the directions in
which the individual is trying to move. Sex, of course, is an
important drive in behavior, but other drives are of equal or
greater strength.
分析心理学，是由卡尔·古斯塔夫·荣格提出的一种观点，他于1912年脱离了西格蒙德·弗洛伊德，并建立了他自己的体系。荣格拓宽了性欲（精神能量）的概念，包括导致个体创造性目标的所有驱动力，不仅仅是性本能。而据说，弗洛伊德的理论是追溯性的（就是说，失调的根源在于患者人生的童年早期），荣格的分析关注的是个体试图移动的方向。当然，性在行为中是一种重要的驱动力，但其它的驱动力同样有力，甚至力量更大。
The personality consists of discrete, inte
racting parts. The ego is defined as the awareness of a
continuing self. Many experiences have been forgotten or excluded
from consciousness, and these make up the personal
unconscious. One of the most interesting contributions of Jung
is the concept of the collective unconscious, made up of
racial memories called archetypes. Evidence from studies of
dreams and of folklore is cited to justify this concept. The
individual needs to conform to the demands and the expectations of
society; hence, apersona (the “public personality”) is
acquired. Man has inherited concepts (archetypes) of his masculine
role (the animus) and woman of her feminine role (the
anima), but masculinity and femininity have become
intermingled in the unconscious mind. The shadow consists of drives
inherited from subhuman ancestors, and it may direct the individual
into immoral activities. The self is achieved when the
individual is able to bring all these parts into an integrated,
purposeful coherence.
人格是由离散的，相互作用的部分组成。自我被定义为对持续自我的意识。许多经历被遗忘或排除在意识之外，而这些构成了个体的潜意识。荣格最有吸引力的贡献之一是集体无意识的概念，由被称为原型的种族记忆组成。来自对梦的研究和对民间传说的研究证据被用来证明这个概念。个体的需求要符合社会的需要和期望；因此，获得了一个角色（公共人格）。男人继承了其男性角色（男性意象）的概念（原型），而女人继承了其女性角色（女性意象），但男性气质和女性气质在无意识中已混合在一起。该影子由继承的类人类祖先的驱动力组成，而且可能引导个体进入不道德的行动。当个体能够将这些所有部分融合成一个完整的，有目的的连贯性时，便实现了自我。
Complexes (constellations of emotionally toned ideas)
indicate a lack of unity in the mental life of the individual.
Psychic energies may then be expended uselessly in forms of
activity that impede growth toward the self. The causes for
non-purposeful distributions of mental energy must be looked for in
the past life of the patient. It is not enough, however, to
discover the reasons for the present difficulties. There must be a
direction toward purposeful goals in the future life of the
patient. Thus, Jung’s system is both re-prospective and
teleological (behavior directed toward ends), whereas Freud’s is
retrospective (the search for causes of present difficulties lying
in the early childhood of the patient). All the psychic energies of
the patient undergoing a Jungian analysis are directed toward the
development and the completion of an integrated, harmonious self.
See also EXTROVERSION; INTROVERSION; JUNG, CARL
GUSTAV.
情结（一系列带有情感色调的想法）表明在个体的精神生活中缺乏统一性。然后，精神能量可能以阻碍自我成长的活动形式白白地消耗掉。精神能量无目的分配的原因必须在患者过去的生活中寻找。然而，只发现当下困难的原因是不够的。在患者的未来生活中必须有一个朝着有目的的目标前进的方向。因此，荣格的体系既是重新展望的，也是目的论的（指向目的的行为），而弗洛伊德的理论是追溯性的（在患者的童年早期寻找当下困难的原因）。经历了荣格式分析的所有患者的精神能量都指向了一种完整的，和谐的自我发展与完成。也可参阅外向性；内向性；卡尔·古斯塔夫·荣格词条。
PHILIP L. HARRIMAN, Susquehanna
University.
菲利普·L.
哈里曼，萨斯奎哈纳大学
2023年5月6日译
（译者注：该词条位列《大美百科全书》1985年版，第1卷，第775页至776页）
