主语或宾语补足语
2012-07-18 10:39阅读：
补语是用来补充主语和宾语的意义的，一般都注重说明主语或宾语的特征，常由形容词、名词、数词、不定式，分词，介词短语担任，表语就是位于联系动词之后的主语补语（另外我认为，同位语是紧贴主语之后的主语补足语）
补语之主语补语
主语补足语，通常位于主语之前或谓语动词之后，当然放在谓语动词被动语态的过去分词之后，也可放在状语之后或谓语动词和状语之间（见后）：
①主语补语位于主语之前，后有逗号
例：Tired and
sleepy, I went to bed （形短形式之一）
②有时位于主语之后，前后皆有逗号
例：Chen, only
1.80 meters tall, won the first
prize.（形短形式之二）
③位于谓语动词之后（见下具体说明）
例：
He died young.
He
was found died.
④除形容词外，名词、数词、不定式，分词，介词短语，从句也可作主语补足语。
例：He came
home quite changed，过去分词短语作主语补足语。
He sat at the table,
collar off, head down, and pen in position, ready
to begin the long letter.
（主语补足语位于无动词独立结构之后）
英语中还有一定数量的不及物动词，既保留了本身的词汇意义，同时又发挥着系动词的功能。它们与主语补足成分连用，所以这类词被称为“准系动词”用于“s+vi+cs”(s代表主语，vi代表不及物动词，cs代表主语补足语)这一句式的动词都属于这种用法。有时，主语补足语不紧跟系动词，有可能被其它状语成分隔开。以“go”为例：
5. At twenty-four, tom went half-bald. ( go
为系动词，失去原义。)
6. After midnight, tom went home bored. ( go
为准系动词，保留原义，但同时又连接主语“tom”和主补“bored”，“home”为副词，表示地点状语。)
用于这一句式的补语可以为各种形式，如名词词组(np)，形容词词组(ap)，介词词组(pr.p)，和分词短语(pp)等。现举例如下：
type1: s + vi +cs
(名词短语)
7. We parted the best
friends.
= we were the best friends when we parted.
8. I stand before you today the representative of a family in
grief.
= I am the representative of a family in grief when i stand before
you today.
类似的动词包括： come (back), die, fall, go, leave
等。
type2: s +
vi +cs (形容词短语)
9. They
were born poor, lived poor, and poor they died.
= they were poor when they were born; they were poor when they
lived; they were poor when they died.
10. She married young.
= she was young when she married.
11. The morning dawned fresh and clear after the storm at
night.（主补放状前）
= when the morning dawned after the storm at night, it was fresh
and clear.
类似的动词包括：arrive, come (back), dawn, fall, leave, lie,
marry, return, sit, stand, turn out
等。
type3: s +
vi +cs (介词短语)
12. The parcel arrived in good condition.
= when the parcel arrived, it was in good condition.
13. They separated with feelings alienation.
= they had feelings alienation when they
separated.
14．I was put in charge of the manager, with the responsibility
throughout of China.
= I had the
responsibility throughout of China when I was put in charge of the
manager.
类似的动词包括：come, die, fall, go, leave, lie, part, return, sit,
stand等。
type4: s +
vi +cs (分词短语)
14. They
stood listening to him. (亦可理解为现分做状)
= they stood while they were listening to him.
15. He came home convinced that she was telling the truth.
= he came home and he was convinced that she was telling the
truth.
类似的动词包括：arrive, die, fall, go, leave, lie, return, sit
等。
宾语补足语
（在英汉对译指导中，宾补为句子五种基本形式之一的组成部分）
英语中有些及物动词，除有一个宾语外，还要有一个补足语（表明宾语发出的动作或身份、特征等）才能使句子的意思完整(可以此标准区别宾补和后置定)，另有语法家将宾语补足语或其一类称为“宾语的表语”。这类动词主要包括：make, consider, believe, cause, feel, hear, listen
to, see, find, have, let, call等。
充当宾语补足语的成分通常有名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、分词（包括现在分词和过去分词）等。
1． 名词作宾语补足语。通常用在make, call,
name等动词的后面。如：
We made Wang Qiang our team leader.
2. 形容词作宾语补足语。通常用在keep, paint, get, think, find,
make等动词之后。如：Don't get your clothes dirty.
3．
副词作宾语补足语。通常用在感官动词或使役动词后面。如：
I
saw him out with his father.
4． 介词短语作宾语补足语。通常用在keep， find等动词的后面。如：
We found everything in
the lab in good order.
5.
不定式作宾语补足语。分为接to和不接to的动词不定式。如：
⑴ They encouraged me to try again.
⑵ Let me introduce you to Miss
Li.
不定式与现在分词作宾语补足语时的区别在于：前者表示事情全过程或一次性动作；后者表示宾语补足语是一个正在进行或发生的动作，具有一定的描述性。
6． 现在分词和过去分词作宾语补足语。用在see, hear, feel,
watch等感官动词以及使役动词have, keep等后面。如：
⑴
Look! Can you see a boy running
towards us?
⑵
When we arrived there, we saw
the work done.
现在分词作宾补与过去分词作宾补的区别在于：用现在分词作宾补，说明宾语是动作的发出者，形成逻辑上的主谓关系；用过去分词作宾补，表示宾语是动作的承受者，构成逻辑上的动宾关系。
7．宾语补足语的连用：
Collecting, by occupying
spare time so constructively, makes a person contented, with
no time for bordom.
总结及疑问：
1．
如开篇所述，补语是用来补充主语和宾语的意义的，一般都注重说明主语或宾语的特征。因此补语与其主语和宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
2．
如名词性主补紧贴主语之后，可理解为主语的同位语或后置定语？
3．
主补放在句首或句尾，可理解为状语？（参见现在分词作状语）
4．
宾语补足语可根据其逻辑主语与全句状语相区别（还是备不住）；根据其在句中存在的必要性与后置定语相区别。
