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阅读理解：古英语中过去分词的变化和德语、荷兰语基本上是一样的

2013-10-18 15:42阅读：

http://blog.sina.cn/dpool/blog/u/3015840467

阅读理解：古英语中过去分词的变化和德语、荷兰语基本上是一样的
In Old English, past participles of Germanic strong verbs were marked with a ge- prefix, as are most strong and weak past participles in Dutch and German today, and often by a vowel change in the stem.
past participle过去分词
德语中，前缀ge-的作用之一是形成动词的过去分词。而元音变音也是德语的一个重要特征。
Those of weak verbs were marked by
the ending -d, with or without an epenthetic vowel before it.
epenthesis [ep·en·the·sis || e'penθɪsɪs]n. 在一个词里加 (原词里没有的) 音节使发音比较容易些
enthetic[en`WetIk]adj.外来的
Modern English past participles derive from these forms (although the ge- prefix, which became y- in Middle English, has now been lost).
Modern English 近代英语，现代英语：从大约1500年至今的英语也作New English
Middle English n. 中世纪英语，中古英语
古英语中的前缀ge-在中古英语中变成y-，在近代英语中已经消失了。
Old English present participles were marked with an ending in -ende (or -iende for verbs whose infinitives ended in -ian).
present participle n.[语]现在分词
古英语中用后缀-ende或-iende代替后缀以-ian结尾的动词不定式中-ian形成现在分词。在现代德语中是-end。如德语动词leben的变化：
leben ⇒ to live （动词原形）
lebend ⇒ living （现在分词，德语中的动名词后缀是-ung）
gelebt ⇒ lived （过去分词）
ich/er/sie lebte ⇒ I/he/she lived(过去式)

In Middle English, various forms were used in different regions: -ende (southwest, southeast, Midlands), -inde (southwest, southeast), -and (north), -inge (southeast，请注意：这个后来成为标准，也是去掉结尾的e).

The last is the one that became standard, falling together with the suffix -ing used to form verbal nouns. See -ing (etymology).
verbal noun n.[语]动词性名词,名词化的动名词
Modern English verbs, then, have two participles:
现代英语中有两种分词。
现在分词也称为主动分词、未完成分词、进行分词。
我想如果用这些名词中的任何一个都不会再有人把现在分词和“时间”上的“现在”再联系在一起。
强烈建议您认真读一读：
Participles are often identified with a particular tense, as with the English present participle and past participle (see under English below).
However this is often a matter of convention; present participles are not necessarily associated with the expression of present time, or past participles necessarily with past time.
现在分词和“时间”上的“现在”的表达没有关系。
过去分词和“时间”上的“过去”的表达没有关系。
passive participle 被动分词
  • It is identical in form to the gerund (and verbal noun); the term present participle is sometimes used to include the gerund, and the term 'gerund–participle' is also used.
所谓的动名词实际上就是现在分词作名词使用时的称谓，也有人称为“动名词分词”。
  • The past participle, also sometimes called the passive or perfect participle, is identical to the past tense form (in -ed) in the case of regular verbs, but takes various forms in the case of irregular verbs, such as sung, written, put, gone, etc.
the passive or perfect participle 被动或完成分词
我相信，如果把past participle（过去分词）翻译成”完成或被动分词”,也就不会再有人把它和时间上的“过去”联系在一起。
很多小朋友搞不清楚“现在式”和“现在分词”的区别，也同样搞不清楚“过去式”和“过去分词”的区别。我以为，主要的原因是望文生义。其实，在汉语中我们也经常犯这个毛病。

Details of participle formation can be found under English verbs and List of English irregular verbs.
The present participle, or participial phrases (clauses) formed from it, are used as follows:
  • to form the progressive (continuous) aspect: Jim was sleeping.
形成“进行（持续）”时态（这里的时态实际上是指aspect）。

  • as an

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