学诗小记之四:外国的格律诗

2022-09-25 09:06阅读：

http://blog.sina.cn/dpool/blog/u/1728792157

外国，特别是西方文化，有很悠久且良好的诗歌文化和传承。在外国人看来，中文难学或许是成语、语法、更是古诗词吧！大致地说，西方诗歌重叙事诗，而中国诗歌是注重抒情的，《诗经》、《楚辞》无不“诗言志”，叙事诗就少很多了。
外国的诗歌也有格律诗和自由体。只不过，根据语言的不同特点，外国诗歌的节奏、韵律、押韵规律跟中国诗歌大不相同。外国的格律诗有著名的“十四行诗”。外国的自由体有我们很熟悉的“阶梯诗”等。它们都同中华文化一样博大精深，那接下来让我们对国外诗歌进行更深入地了解吧！
外国诗歌的发展历经了几个阶段，第一阶段到第三阶段是前十五世纪，经历了从远古到圣经诗歌时期。四到六阶段是十四到十九世纪，经历了文艺复兴和古典主义时期等。
The development of foreign poetry has gone through several stages. The first stage to the third stage is the first 15 century, which has experi-enced from ancient times to the period of biblical poetry. The four to six stages, from the 14th to 19th century, experienced Renaissance and classic-ism.
最后发展成以唯美主义、象征主义、意象派超现实主义为主的各类诗歌。东西方碰撞、交流,融合已近百年,流风所及以至于今。下面请大家欣赏，著名美国诗歌《未选择的路》的经典片段。
Finally, it developed into various kinds of poetry mainly composed of aesth

eticism, symbolism and Imagist surrealism. It has been nearly a century since the collision, exchange and integration between the East and the West. Now, please enjoy the classic fragments of the famous American poem the road not chosen.
黄色的树林里分出两条路，可惜我不能同时去涉足，我在那路口久久伫立，我向着一条路极目望去，直到它消失在丛林的深处。
Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, And sorry I could not travel both,
And be one traveler, long I stood, And looked down one as far as I could,
To where it bent in the undergrowth.
但我却选了另外一条路，它荒草萋萋，十分幽寂，显得更诱人、更美丽，虽然在这两条小路上，都很少留下旅人的足迹，
Then took the other, as just as fair,And having perhaps the better claim,
Because it was grassy and wanted wear; Though as for that the passing there
Had worn them really about the same.
也许多少年后在某个地方，我将轻声叹息把往事回顾，一片树林里分出两条路，
而我选了人迹更少的一条，因此走出了这迥异的旅途。
I shall be telling this with a sigh.Somewhere ages and ages hence: Two roads diverged in a wood, and I took the one less traveled by, And that has made all the difference.
《未选择的路》是美国诗人罗伯特.弗罗斯特创作的文学作品。这首抒情诗，表面平易实则蕴含深邃的哲理。在这首诗里，弗罗斯特抓住林中岔道这一具体形象，用比喻的手法引起人们丰富生动的联想，烘托出人生岔路这样具有哲理寓意的象征。
The road not chosen is a literary work created by American poet Robert Frost.This lyric poem is plain on the surface but contains profound philoso-phy in fact. In this poem, frost catches the concrete image of the fork in the woods, and uses metaphor to arouse people's rich and vivid Association, settingoff a symbol with philosophical implication such as the fork in life.
作为一个现代诗人，在诗歌形式上弗罗斯特也像《未选择的路》中写的那样，走出了一条与20世纪多数诗人迥然不同的道路。当许多诗人热衷于搞诗歌试验时，他坚持继承传统，走了一条用'旧瓶装新酒'，即旧形式表达新内容的道路。
As a modern poet, in the form of poetry, frost, like in the road not chos en, has taken a road quite different from that of most poets in the 20th century. When many poets were keen on doing poetry experiments, he insisted on inheriting the tradition and took the road of expressing new content in the old bottle and new wine in the old form.
相信许多听众到现在还有些许印象吧，2015年春晚著名歌手莫文蔚一袭深蓝色长裙，以其独特的嗓音和慵懒却深情的唱腔带来的一首《当你老了》令许多人心醉。同时这首歌的歌词也被众多网友转载，广为传颂。
I believe many audiences still have some impression. The famous singer Mo Wenwei in the 2015 Spring Festival Gala wore a long dark blue dress. With his unique voice and lazy but affectionate singing, he brought a song When You Are Old that many people are fascinated by. At the same time, the lyrics of this song have been reprinted by many netizens and widely praised.
当你年老，鬓斑白，睡意昏沉，在炉旁打盹时，取下这本书，慢慢诵读，梦忆起从前你的双眸，神色柔和，眼波中倒影深深。
When you are old and grey and full of sleep,and nodding by the fire,take down this book,and slowly read,dream of the soft book.Your eyes had once,and of their shadows deep.
弯下身子，在炽红的壁炉边，忧伤地低诉，爱神如何逃走，在头顶上的群山巅漫步闲游，把他的面孔隐没在繁星中间。
And bending down beside the glowing bars, a little sadly,how love fled.
And paced upon the mountains overhead, hid his face amid a crowd of stars.
这首歌词出自爱尔兰诗人威廉.叶芝，于1893年创作的诗歌作品《当你老了》,是赠送给友人茅德，热烈而真挚的爱情诗篇。诗歌语言简明，但情感丰富真切。
This lyric actually comes from the poem When You Are Old written by Irish poet William Yeats in 1893, which is presented to friend Maude’s warm and sincere love poems.The language of poetry is concise, but the emotion is rich and real.
当人们沐浴在爱情的光辉中，脑海里只有当下，总是潜藏着一种拒绝时间、拒绝变化、将瞬间化为永恒的欲望。而诗人偏要穿越悠远的时光隧道，想到红颜少女的垂暮之年，想象她白发苍苍、身躯佝偻的样子。
When people are bathed in the glory of love, there is only the present in their minds, and there is always a desire to refuse time, refuse change and turn the moment into eternity.But the poet must go through the long time tunnel, think of the young lady in her twilight years, and imagine her white hair and bent body.
所以这首爱情诗是独特的，其独特来自诗人真挚的情感，本诗与其说是诗人在想象中讲述少女的暮年，不如说是诗人在向少女、向滔滔流逝的岁月，剖白自己天地可鉴的真情。
This love poem is unique. Its uniqueness comes from the poet's sincere emotion. Without this kind of emotion, deliberately going out of one's own mind will only make people feel artificial.Therefore, this poem is not so much about the young girl's old age in imagination, but rather is the poet's revelation of his true feelings to the young girl and the surging years.
《咏水仙》是华兹华斯写的最美的一首自然诗。诗人在独自漫步时，忽然发现湖边一大片金黄色的水仙在微风中摇曳起舞，大自然这奇妙的美景使诗人心旷神怡，并且成为他最美好的回忆，在他孤寂无聊的时候给予安慰和快乐。华兹华斯在平静中追忆，写出了这首水仙诗。
Daffodils is the most beautiful natural poem written by William Words-worth .When the poet was walking alone, he suddenly found a large area of golden Narcissus dancing in the breeze.The wonderful beauty of nature not only makes the poet feel relaxed and happy, but also becomes his beautiful memory,giving comfort and happiness when he is lonely and bored.Wordsworth wrote this Narcissus poem by recalling in peace.
我孤独的漫游，像一朵云,在山丘和谷地上飘荡,忽然见我看见一群, 金色的水仙花迎春开放,在树荫下，在湖水边,迎着微风起舞翩翩。
I wandered lonely as a cloud，That floats on high over vales and hills,
When all at once I saw a crowd, A host of golden daffodils,Beside the lake, beneath the trees,Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.
连绵不绝，如繁星灿烂，在银河里闪闪发光。它们沿着湖湾的边缘，延伸成无穷无尽的一行。我一眼看见了一片云，在欢舞之中起伏颠簸。
Continuous as the stars that shine, and twinkle on the milky way, they stretched in never ending line,along the margin of a bay.Ten thousand saw i at a glance,Tossing their heads,In sprightly dance.
在诗的开头，诗人将自己比喻为一朵孤独的流云, 孤单地在高高的天空飘荡。孤傲的诗人发现一大片金色的水仙，它们欢快地遍地开放。
At the beginning of the poem, the poet likes himself to a lonely cloud, floating alone in the high sky.The proud poet found a large expanse of gold -en daffodils, which were happily open all over the place.
水仙很多，如天上的星星，都在闪烁。水仙似乎是动的，沿着弯屈的海岸线向前方伸展。诗人为有这样的旅伴而欢欣鼓舞、欢呼跳跃。
There are many daffodils, such as heaven. The stars are twinkling. Narcissus seemed to move, stretching forward along the curved coastline. The poet cheered and jumped for such a companion.
但是，欢快的水仙并不能时时伴在诗人的身边，诗人离开了水仙，心中不时冒出忧郁孤寂的情绪。但诗人脑海中留存的美妙景象却让他的一生在自然中找到寄托。
However, the cheerful Narcissus can not always be with the poet. When the poet left the Narcissus,he felt melancholy and lonely from time to time. But the beautiful scene in the poet's mind makes his life find sustenance in nature.
未完待续，敬请期待！

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