饮食障碍症统计数据
2013-03-06 04:12阅读：
概况：
•
几乎50%患有饮食障碍的患者符合忧郁症临床诊断
•
平均每10个患有饮食障碍的人中只有1人得到诊断和治疗。这10%的人中只有35%（换言之所有饮食障碍患者中的3.5%）得到专业医生诊断和治疗
•
在美国大概有两千四百万人被饮食障碍折磨（厌食症，暴食催吐症，和暴食症）
青少年：
•
91%的校园女性在调查中表示曾经试图断食来控制体重。22%“经常”或“总是”断食
•
20岁的女性中有86%曾经试图断食；
16岁到20.6岁之间的则有43%
• 神经性厌食症在所有青春期临床病症中排名第三
•
95%有饮食障碍的人年纪在15-25.8
岁之间
•
25%的大学女生用暴食和催吐作为控制体重方法。
•
15到24岁中因为神经性厌食症造成的死亡比其他所有因病死亡的总和高12倍
•
一半的少女和1/3的少男曾经用过不健康方法来控制体重，包括一日一餐或两餐，禁食，抽烟，催吐和使用泻药
•
在一项对于185名女性在校大学生进行的抽样调查中显示，58%想降到某个体重标准，其中的83%试图断食来减重，而这些人里其实有44%的体重在正常标准内
男性：
•
神经性厌食症或者暴食症中10-15%为男性
•
男性患者更少因为饮食障碍去看医生，因为饮食障碍通常被视为“女性疾病”
•
男性同性恋人群中约有14%有暴食后催吐症状，超过20%有神经性厌食症
另外一些资料：
•
95%采用断食/绝食来减体重的人在5年内增回原来体重
•
35%“偶尔”绝食/断食的会发展到有临床意义的病理饮食障碍。其中20-25%进一步进化为完全病理饮食障碍。
•
媒体中刻画宣传的标准女性身材形象只反映了美国5%的女性身材
•
47%的5年级到12年级女孩儿里会因为某张杂志照片而想到减肥
•
59%的5年级到12年级女孩儿说杂志照片影响了她们对完美体形的印象
•
42%的1年级到3年级女孩儿想更瘦一点
•
81%的10岁儿童担心自己会肥胖
女性：
•
女性更容易得饮食障碍。只有5-15%的患者为男性
•
0.5-3.7%的女性一生中会得神经性厌食症。1%的青春期女性有神经性厌食症
•
1.1-4.2%的女性一生中会得暴食催吐症
•
2-5%的美国人在过去6个月中曾经有过暴食症状
• 50%有厌食症的人也会有暴食催吐症状
•
患有神经性厌食症的人中有20%最终会因为厌食症引发的并发症而早逝，包括自杀和心血管疾病。
死亡率：
虽然饮食障碍症候有着所有精神疾病中最高的死亡率，对饮食障碍引起的死亡率报告中的数字在不同的报告中会相差很大。其主要原因是饮食障碍致死多表现与其引发的心脏衰竭，器官衰竭，营养不良或自杀，而死亡报告中很多只反应了这些直接致死原因而不是其源头-饮食障碍。
根据美国精神病研究学会2009年的报告，死亡率为：
• 4%的神经性厌食症患者
• 3.9%的暴食催吐症患者
•
5.2%的其他饮食障碍患者（没有写明具体原因）
Eating Disorders Statistics
General:
• Almost 50% of people with eating disorders meet the
criteria for depression.1
• Only 1
in 10 men and women with eating disorders receive treatment. Only
35% of people that receive treatment for eating disorders get
treatment at a specialized facility for eating
disorders.2
• Up to 24 million
people of all ages and genders suffer from an eating disorder
(anorexia, bulimia and binge eating disorder) in the
U.S.3
• Eating disorders have the
highest mortality rate of any mental illness.4
Students:
• 91% of women surveyed on a college campus had attempted to
control their weight through dieting. 22% dieted “often” or
“always.”5
• 86% report onset of
eating disorder by age 20; 43% report onset between ages of 16 and
20.6
• Anorexia is the third most
common chronic illness among
adolescents.7
• 95% of those who
have eating disorders are between the ages of 12 and
25.8
• 25% of college-aged women
engage in bingeing and purging as a weight-management
technique.3
• The mortality rate
associated with anorexia nervosa is 12 times higher than the death
rate associated with all causes of death for females 15-24 years
old.4
• Over one-half of teenage
girls and nearly one-third of teenage boys use unhealthy weight
control behaviors such as skipping meals, fasting, smoking
cigarettes, vomiting, and taking
laxatives.17
• In a survey of 185
female students on a college campus, 58% felt pressure to be a
certain weight, and of the 83% that dieted for weight loss, 44%
were of normal weight.16
Men:
• An estimated 10-15% of people with anorexia or bulimia are
male.9
• Men are less likely to
seek treatment for eating disorders because of the perception that
they are “woman’s diseases.”10
•
Among gay men, nearly 14% appeared to suffer from bulimia and over
20% appeared to be anorexic.11
Media, Perception, Dieting:
• 95% of all dieters will regain their lost weight within 5
years.3
• 35% of “normal dieters”
progress to pathological dieting. Of those, 20-25% progress to
partial or full-syndrome eating
disorders.5
• The body type
portrayed in advertising as the ideal is possessed naturally by
only 5% of American females.3
• 47%
of girls in 5th-12th grade reported wanting to lose weight because
of magazine pictures.12
• 69% of
girls in 5th-12th grade reported that magazine pictures influenced
their idea of a perfect body shape.13
• 42% of 1st-3rd grade girls want to be thinner (Collins,
1991).
• 81% of 10 year olds are
afraid of being fat (Mellin et al., 1991).
Collins, M.E. (1991). Body figure perceptions and preferences
among pre-adolescent children. International Journal of Eating
Disorders, 199-208.
Mellin, L., McNutt, S., Hu, Y., Schreiber, G.B., Crawford,
P., & Obarzanek, E. (1991). A longitudinal study of the dietary
practices of black and white girls 9 and 10 years old at
enrollment: The NHLBI growth and health study. Journal of
Adolescent Health, 23-37.
For Women:
• Women are much more likely than men to develop an eating
disorder. Only an estimated 5 to 15 percent of people with anorexia
or bulimia are male.14
• An
estimated 0.5 to 3.7 percent of women suffer from anorexia nervosa
in their lifetime.14 Research suggests that about 1 percent of
female adolescents have anorexia.15
• An estimated 1.1 to 4.2 percent of women have bulimia
nervosa in their lifetime.14
• An
estimated 2 to 5 percent of Americans experience binge-eating
disorder in a 6-month period.14
•
About 50 percent of people who have had anorexia develop bulimia or
bulimic patterns.15
• 20% of people
suffering from anorexia will prematurely die from complications
related to their eating disorder, including suicide and heart
problems.18
Mortality Rates:
Although eating disorders have the highest mortality rate of
any mental disorder, the mortality rates reported on those
who suffer from eating disorders can vary considerably between
studies and sources. Part of the reason why there is a large
variance in the reported number of deaths caused by eating
disorders is because those who suffer from an eating disorder may
ultimately die of heart failure, organ failure, malnutrition or
suicide. Often, the medical complications of death are reported
instead of the eating disorder that compromised a person’s
health.
According to a study done by colleagues at the
American Journal of Psychiatry
(2009), crude mortality rates were:
• 4% for anorexia nervosa
• 3.9% for bulimia nervosa
• 5.2% for eating disorder not otherwise
specified
Crow, S.J., Peterson, C.B., Swanson, S.A., Raymond, N.C.,
Specker, S., Eckert, E.D., Mitchell, J.E. (2009) Increased
mortality in bulimia nervosa and other eating disorders.
American Journal of Psychiatry
166,
1342-1346.
Athletes:
• Risk Factors: In judged sports – sports that score
participants – prevalence of eating disorders is 13% (compared with
3% in refereed sports).19
•
Significantly higher rates of eating disorders found in elite
athletes (20%), than in a female control group
(9%).20
• Female athletes in
aesthetic sports (e.g. gynmastics, ballet, figure ska
